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(Click for frequent words.) 59 Service Deployment Ribbons 57 Decom North 56 Typhoon Mirinae weakened 56 Rhys Wide Sargasso 55 teleconnections 55 Maltese flagged Arctic 55 www.k sea.com 54 Melting Arctic 54 Ray Bayliner Maxum 54 t fob Black 54 Prosperous Voyage 53 Benjamin Santer climate 52 oceanic circulation 52 holly washes 52 Surface Temperature 52 maritime territorial disputes 52 Salt Caramel 51 Exuma Cays Land 51 Staying Afloat 51 view Sensor SeaWiFS 51 Yusen Air 51 Subarctic 51 Statfjord oilfield 51 surface temperatures SSTs 50 Brent Dated 50 Nordsee Ost 50 Opposes drilling 50 meridional overturning circulation 50 Sullom Voe terminal 50 Seafloor 49 glacier retreat 49 Atlantic meridional overturning 49 Aeroplane Over 49 Ray Sundancer 49 Petoukhov 49 Equatorial Pacific 49 coastal upwelling 48 Wolves goaltender Riku 48 Genoil Crystal 48 Indian Ocean Dipole 48 Melting Glaciers 48 Treaty LOST 48 Dronning Maud Land 48 Particularly Sensitive 48 Skagerrak 48 methane hydrate deposits 48 spokeswoman Christel Englund 48 Rossby waves 48 anthropogenic greenhouse gases 48 Zone Vitality 48 lion predation 48 EFIRE 48 Agulhas Current 48 Lookout Mountain Lookout 47 Quicksilver Savage 47 Preventing Collisions 47 hydrate deposits 47 Artic Ocean 47 Methane Emissions 47 Prydz Bay 47 Helenius Tampa Bay 47 Sour Milk 47 Subglacial 47 glacial cycles 47 Barents Seas 47 Matunuck RI 47 Hamish Pritchard 47 Sea 47 Storm Lashes 47 multi decadal 47 SeaWiFS 47 Water Desalination Plant 47 central equatorial Pacific 47 interannual variability 47 Marine Ecosystems 47 Antartic 47 NSR A1A Vero Beach 47 metocean 47 Greenland Glaciers 47 Tatar Strait 46 Arafura Sea 46 Fishermen Rescued 46 Doomsday Seed Vault 46 Forties pipeline shutdown 46 foehn 46 Tampen area 46 subpolar 46 anthropogenic aerosols 46 El Niño La Niña 46 Dan Zaccariello 46 Arctic Ocean 46 Jakobshavn Isbrae 46 thermohaline circulation 46 Arctic 46 Territorial disputes 46 atmospheric 46 Band Radar SBX 46 subglacial lakes 46 Walruses dive 46 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation AMO 46 albedo feedback 46 Achieve Mapping Catheter 46 Sognefjord 46 Oscillation 46 Bellingshausen Sea 46 methane hydrates exist 46 El Nino Southern Oscillation 46 CryoSat mission 46 Hydrothermal Vents 46 permafrost degradation 46 Lion Caves 46 Cruise Ship Runs Aground 46 & Pepper Cashews 46 boreal regions 46 Phylicia Rashad Gem 45 palaeoclimate 45 Cladhan appraisal 45 poleward shift 45 Pechora Sea 45 upper troposphere 45 Pointe Estates 45 Fisheries STECF 45 Svalbard archipelago 45 tides currents 45 Chivenor southwest 45 Faeroe 45 Polar Regions 45 Akademik Ioffe 45 USS RONALD REAGAN 45 subantarctic 45 Bransfield Strait 45 outlet glaciers 45 Weddell Sea 45 multidecadal 45 pipeline operator Gassco 45 SR A1A Vero Beach 45 Bothnia 45 Atlantic Conveyor 45 Madden Julian Oscillation 45 Viking Graben 45 icesheets 45 ocean upwelling 45 Rahmstorf 45 Clipper Maid 45 Service Deployment Ribbon 45 Nenets Autonomous Okrug 45 Otto Bliesner 45 Hurtigruten cruise 45 Zeebe 45 Marlim 45 Kauai Na Pali 45 near Antarctica McMurdo 45 seafloor methane 45 Amundsen Sea 45 subglacial 45 disputed Paracel islands 45 lion pup 45 Laptev Sea 45 Domain Awareness 45 Nansha islands 45 Jellyfish swarm northward 45 Acidification 44 Bill Slawski 44 Atlantic thermohaline circulation 44 airglow 44 Josefino Comiso 44 Cladhan discovery 44 ® Cardiac CryoAblation 44 atmospheric circulation 44 Barents Region 44 Messinian 44 Vioey 44 Norway Svalbard 44 Ilulissat Greenland 44 Sermilik Fjord 44 Snohvit 44 El Nino La Nina 44 Norne field 44 deglaciation 44 Ice Floe 44 Milankovitch 44 sub glacial lakes 44 sulphate aerosols 44 Copenhagen Diagnosis 44 Bulk Shipping 44 advection 44 Southern Oscillation 44 Paleoclimate 44 tectonic activity 44 undersea volcanic 44 polar oceans 44 prevailing westerly winds 44 anomalously warm 44 Blocks #/#a [003] 44 Gleneden Beach Loop 44 Greenland icecap 44 Bargain Spotting 44 polynyas 44 Uninhabited 44 Front Cardiac CryoAblation 44 Lake Onega 44 Poppit Sands 44 magnetic substorms 44 subpolar gyre 44 biogeochemical 44 stratospheric clouds 44 Neanderthal extinction 44 ocean eddies 44 Spratley Islands 44 hydrosphere 44 melting glacial 44 Applied Meteorology 44 Crozet Islands 44 antarctic 44 Ambalat block 44 expose lairs 44 OSPAR 44 Gas hydrates 44 Global Warming Threatens 44 Kattegat 44 glaciers icebergs 43 chlorophyll concentrations 43 Fossils Found 43 Thawing permafrost 43 Walmington 43 Richter Menge 43 Disko Island 43 UK Continental Shelf 43 extratropical cyclones 43 upwellings 43 Minke Whale 43 Thevenard Island 43 Biogeography 43 Warmer seas 43 Jan Mayen 43 Bering seas 43 polynya 43 hyena dung 43 thawing tundra 43 Trudy Wohlleben 43 Spitzbergen 43 mountainous Altai 43 Arctic Archipelago 43 Sweden Lundin Petroleum 43 tropopause 43 Svalbard islands 43 Xihu Trough 43 Solovetsky Islands 43 midlatitude 43 Outer Moray Firth 43 Sheet WAIS 43 ENSO cycle 43 polar vortex 43 amplifying feedbacks 43 Milankovitch cycles 43 deep convective clouds 43 Bering Seas 43 oceanic currents 43 Fram Strait 43 Biogeochemistry 43 Mars Analog Svalbard 43 Last Glacial Maximum 43 Kilimanjaro glaciers 43 Cassini flyby 43 Medieval Warm Period MWP 43 phytoplankton populations 43 mid Pliocene 43 southern latitudes 43 Okhotsk Sea 43 Gamburtsev 43 NYSE KSP 43 Aleksey Maryshev 43 GRID Arendal 43 terrestrial biosphere 43 Novaya Zemlya 43 iceberg calving 43 Antarctic icecap 43 mantle convection 43 Volcanic gases 43 frazil ice 43 Krafla 43 transboundary waters 43 Gallilee 43 hydrological cycle 43 Ocean Acidification 43 Iturup 43 subarctic regions 43 volcanic plumes 43 Sulu Sulawesi 43 Corinne Le Quéré 43 cryosphere 43 Antarctic Circumpolar Current 43 Nunavut Territory coal 43 Plate Tectonics 43 Lightstation 43 Greater Antilles 43 SSTs 43 thermohaline 43 decadal variability 43 temperature gradients 43 ESA Envisat satellite 43 Seamounts 43 Hardanger Fjord 43 thermal gradients 43 Eduardo Zorita 43 Corinne Le Quere 43 Vessels Collide 43 anticyclonic 43 equatorial Pacific oceans 43 Academician Fyodorov 43 El Niño Southern Oscillation 43 Climate Variability 43 Kermadec Arc 43 Vesterålen 43 geophysicist Scott Luthcke 43 satellite altimetry 43 Undersea Volcano 43 plankton blooms 43 Storm Wreaks Havoc 42 Dreki area 42 Andres weakens 42 Cassini Finds 42 Igor Semiletov 42 disputed Spratly islands 42 Mariana Arc 42 Lake Untersee 42 Vilifies 42 Chukchi Seas 42 Hellas Planitia 42 arctic 42 waves droughts floods 42 onshore breezes 42 Pedro Martinez Arbizu 42 drifting ice floe 42 Paracel archipelagos 42 Antarctica Amundsen 42 Climate Warming 42 Chilean fjords 42 North Atlantic Oscillation 42 methane hydrates 42 Endangered Whales 42 Spitsbergen archipelago 42 Artic 42 GHG concentrations 42 Melkoya 42 Syrtis Major 42 oceanic 42 Craig Matkin 42 Late Paleozoic 42 tropospheric 42 biogeochemical processes 42 submarine volcanoes 42 SST anomalies 42 floods heatwaves droughts 42 Stately Homes 42 Ice Melts 42 hydrometeorology 42 hydrologic cycle 42 Volcanic Activity 42 Spitsbergen Norway 42 methane hydrate 42 Glaciology 42 ocean sediment cores 42 Barents Euro 42 equatorial Pacific Ocean 42 Pacific Decadal Oscillation PDO 42 Ny Ålesund 42 floods droughts heatwaves 42 spokeswoman Kerstin Kuehn 42 Kurile 42 Breaksea 42 mantle plumes 42 cosmic ray flux 42 Caribbean Grandeur 42 Aqua Firma 42 phytoplankton biomass 42 glacial fjord 42 Cryosphere 42 Vastitas Borealis 42 ocean basins 42 Lamont Doherty 42 journal Palaios 42 Chuckchi 42 benthos 42 L' Astrolabe 42 Mass Extinctions 42 clathrates 42 Kerguelen 42 carrier HMS Ark 42 Scientists Predict 42 Melting Snow 42 licenses PL# 42 ACCUWEATHER 42 RV Polarstern 42 Changcheng Station 42 Leatherback Turtle 42 Aniva Bay 42 Pacific decadal oscillation 42 Sealion 42 Velicogna 42 multispectral imaging satellite 42 Volcanic Eruption 42 Whillans Ice Stream 42 Conversion BVI 42 Bouvet Island 42 Stratospheric ozone 42 polar explorer Roald Amundsen 42 heatwaves droughts 42 Gannets 42 Anvers Island 42 Disko Bay 42 Writer Laurie Copans 42 Appy Sluijs 42 melt Himalayan glaciers 42 climatic variations 41 Voyaging 41 phytoplankton blooms 41 icesheet 41 Norwegian polar explorer 41 Himalayan river basins 41 downwelling 41 Vitus Bering 41 towing icebergs 41 Takeshima islets 41 equatorial waters 41 Whimbrel 41 northerly gales 41 Warmer oceans 41 Oxygenation 41 acidic oceans 41 Eyjafjallajökull Volcano 41 Eyjafjallajökull erupted 41 Hawk Seafoods 41 terrestrial ecosystems 41 crustal thickness 41 Coral bleaching 41 Paracel Islands 41 Holocene epoch 41 Norwegian Barents Secretariat 41 Nankai Trough Zone 41 tugboat capsized 41 Glacier Melt 41 Iron Fertilization 41 GCMs 41 Mike Ponsiglione 41 Ginny Goblirsch 41 glaciological 41 Arid Regions Environmental 41 walrus polar bears 41 El Nino warming 41 Glitne 41 aeolian 41 Pacific Decadal Oscillation 41 Julie Garwood Ballantine 41 Warmer Than 41 Kasatochi volcano 41 icebergs drifting 41 Magellanic Stream 41 meteorite impacts 41 THEMIS Image 41 tropical troposphere 41 Saharan dust 41 Kamishak 41 Nordlys 41 West Quoddy Head 41 Draugen 41 Contrails 41 Weekly Mulch 41 Halifax Weather Overcast 41 lion mauls 41 Magellan Straits 41 Siberian Arctic 41 Cosmic Rays 41 TODAY 'S FORECAST 41 Storm Causes Blackouts 41 Alboran 41 glacier melts 41 Buzzard oilfield 41 hydrographic surveys 41 ENSO El Nino 41 Shirshov Institute 41 Snøhvit 41 admiral asks 41 subsalt layer 41 Anisotropy 41 warmer wetter winters 41 Cassini Image 41 atmospheric convection 41 bacterial mats 41 glacial melting 41 Martin Sommerkorn 41 Melts Away 41 droughts floods storms 41 climate modellers 41 thermal inertia 41 pelican rookeries 41 Keen Sword US 41 Subtropical 41 geothermal gradient 41 Antarctic Ice Shelf 41 nautical charting 41 sulfate aerosols 41 Phu Khanh Basin 41 Circumpolar 41 Quaternary Period 41 Arctic Sea 41 Syun Ichi Akasofu 41 Irons Bound 41 bathymetry 41 Alaminos Canyon 41 heatwaves floods droughts 41 melting permafrost 41 hydrothermal fluid 41 Alpine Fault 41 tectonic plate movements 41 Kårstø 41 Jakobshavn Glacier 41 Dongsha Islands 41 subglacial lake 41 Advisories Issued 41 ENI Norge 41 Okhotsk 41 Cold Fronts 41 gas hydrates 41 droughts heatwaves floods 41 Ignatius Rigor 41 tropic regions 41 Boaters Rescued 41 Spratleys 41 HMS Endurance 41 glaciers retreating 41 underwater Lomonosov Ridge 41 refrozen ice 41 Melting glaciers 41 Ozone Hole 41 Inupiat whalers 41 onboard Allure 41 STOP AF trial 41 Porpoise 41 Lombok Strait 41 amplification Zwally 41 Ionospheric 41 Jakobshavn glacier 41 Greymouth Omoto Racecourse 41 altimetry 41 climate modelers 40 Kalaallit Nunaat 40 Anthropogenic 40 Barents Sea 40 Prediction NWP 40 biogeochemical cycling 40 Øresund 40 Advanced Microwave Scanning 40 storms floods droughts 40 Gabriel Vecchi 40 acidifying oceans 40 Liaodong Bay 40 Norwegian explorer Fridtjof 40 solar irradiance 40 Heterodyne Instrument 40 Navy copter crashes 40 Jupiter moons Europa 40 Zemlya 40 Michael Studinger 40 Great Conveyor Belt 40 Avoiding Dangerous 40 NASA QuikScat satellite 40 halogenated gases 40 Spratly islands 40 Axel Heiberg Island 40 Late Ordovician 40 biogeochemical cycles 40 Circumnavigation 40 circumpolar Arctic 40 springtime ozone 40 Aurora Australis 40 Geosphere 40 Longyearbyen Norway 40 maritime delimitation 40 constant menacing growl 40 Atmospheric Chemistry 40 Piltun 40 geodynamics 40 Astronomers Find 40 Indonesian Volcano Spews 40 Antarctic stratosphere 40 Chilean Fjords 40 Bedritsky 40 Puijila 40 Fishing Boat Sinks 40 anthropogenic warming 40 Raukumara 40 whale washes ashore 40 seals walrus 40 mesosphere 40 Westerlies 40 freighter MV 40 Yamal Peninsula 40 bass porgies 40 Arctic icecap 40 Paracels archipelagos 40 Canadell 40 Hikurangi undersea trench 40 Gjoa 40 Swelters 40 Chuckchi Sea 40 receding glaciers 40 paleoenvironmental 40 Ionian seas 40 Oceanology 40 storm wallops 40 2oC 40 atmospheric aerosols 40 cruise ship Allure 40 La Niña pattern 40 icecap 40 salinities 40 ozone munching 40 Ferries Collide 40 methane clathrates 40 Peril Strait 40 Mafu Sithabile 40 atmospheric circulations 40 Lower Tertiary trend 40 Forecasters Warn 40 Arctic Shelf 40 snowier winter 40 Ship Sinks 40 Warm Temps 40 mesoscale 40 exoplanetary systems 40 subsurface ocean 40 Neebish 40 Dr van Ommen 40 El Niños 40 glacial interglacial 40 Penisula 40 Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change 40 Sailor Rescued 40 Elevated CO2 40 icefields 40 thermal gradient 40 penguin rookery 40 Sankaty Head 40 Hawaiian Volcano 40 NKorea seizes SKorean 40 increased storminess 40 Ronne Ice Shelf 40 basaltic lava 40 Nares Strait separating 40 minus #C #F 40 Valeria Criscione 40 Winds Blow 40 Cooler Temperatures 40 Baltic Sea 40 IPEV 40 Lake Vostok 40 southwesterlies 40 Polar Opposite 40 marine ecologists 40 Newburyport Plum 40 katabatic winds 40 Antarctic krill 40 Tharsis Rise 40 subsurface 40 El Nio 40 Climate Impact Assessment 40 bathymetric 40 Grímsvötn volcano 40 Malt Vinegar 40 glacial retreat 40 CROP WEATHER 40 sulphate particles 40 radiative transfer 40 explorer Roald Amundsen 40 Albedo 40 Conanicut 40 Partly cloudy breezy 40 ionospheric disturbances 40 equatorial Pacific 40 meltoff 40 humpbacks migrate 40 North Greenland Eemian 40 flood basalts 40 geologically unstable volcanic 40 Shrinking glaciers 40 skuas 40 Decadal 40 circumpolar 40 starquakes 40 Middle Eocene 40 Big Diomede 40 undersea volcanoes 40 Pink Bubblegum 40 Envisat ASAR 40 gyres 40 Vessel Sinks 40 Lifesaving Museum 40 Oceans Coasts 40 Martian volcanoes 40 severe droughts floods 40 ADM Aeolus 40 salinity 40 Tokto islets 40 gusty southerly winds 40 manager Stefan Porwoll 40 Svalbard Norway 40 Rockhopper penguins 40 Gjøa 39 geomagnetism 39 Greenland Ice 39 Solar Terrestrial Physics 39 CarbonTracker 39 Ameland 39 AP Interview CG 39 resolving territorial disputes 39 cosmic ray intensity 39 iron fertilization 39 paleoclimate 39 Spews Ash 39 disputed isles 39 warm interglacial periods 39 ° #'N 39 anthropogenically 39 Brunt Ice Shelf 39 seismic hydrographic 39 Greenhouse Effect 39 Melting 39 Volcanic eruption 39 Upwelling 39 AMSR E 39 Petroleum OTCBB SKPI 39 Greenland 39 Washes Up 39 nephrops 39 Submersibles 39 Deadhorse Alaska 39 Sivulliq prospect 39 towering icebergs 39 Ice Coring 39 Geco 39 Booms depending 39 oligotrophic 39 southwesterly flow 39 Kuriles 39 isotherms 39 Feedbacks 39 N'ly airflow 39 hypoxic zone 39 barometric pressures 39 neutrino telescope 39 Salt Scrub 39 phytoplankton bloom 39 IFREMER 39 Westman Islands 39 Greenhouse gases trap 39 Coral Bleaching 39 geomagnetic substorms 39 disputed Spratlys 39 Hik 39 Wissey 39 mud volcanoes 39 TAQA Bratani 39 Scientists Warn 39 Ship Collision 39 Global Precipitation Climatology 39 greenhouse warming 39 moonquakes 39 alpine glaciers 39 Romanovsky 39 adjacent Deepwater Tano 39 Tromsø Norway 39 circum 39 Arctic oscillation 39 Ross Ice Shelf 39 abyssal plains 39 climatic variability 39 Cold 39 crustal 39 Muller Karger 39 chlorophyll fluorescence 39 Cloudier 39 #/#a [002] 39 volcanic vents 39 stratospheric ozone depletion 39 Sea Squirts 39 Schmittner 39 Kerguelen Plateau 39 radiative 39 Geiranger 39 Block #/#a [002] 39 Palaeo 39 Species Discovered 39 Rain Swollen 39 Kristin Laidre 39 situ measurements 39 Jet Stream 39 Skua 39 coral reef degradation 39 Utsira 39 rich Spratly Islands 39 Lamu basin 39 Antarctic glaciers 39 microphysics 39 Ammassalik Island 39 #.#oC [001] 39 Head Compressor 39 explosive volcanism 39 IFM GEOMAR 39 Strong northerly winds 39 floods droughts mudslides 39 Bottom Trawling 39 EarthCARE 39 Petit Manan 39 Scattered clouds 39 DELMARVA WEATHER 39 heatwaves floods 39 seabed 39 calving glaciers 39 Rinnes 39 radiational 39 journal Geophysical Research 39 sea hydrothermal vents 39 anticyclones 39 Xisha Islands 39 westerly gales 39 northwesterlies 39 MAR ECO 39 Geesthacht Germany 39 Caddo Pine 39 Impacts Adaptation 39 Gakkel Ridge 39 aerosol particles 39 supercooled droplets 39 Baltic Seas 39 northerly latitudes 39 Jovian moon 39 Alaska Aleutian 39 forecaster Helen Chivers 39 mesospheric 39 Deepsea 39 deepwater corals 39 Oceanus Procellarum 39 Subduction zones 39 Ship Collide 39 Vostok Station 39 Transas 39 license PL# 39 Yamalo Nenets 39 Force Microscopy 39 BONES airing Thursday 39 Gygrid 39 Climate Impact 39 Larsen Ice Shelf 39 Interglacial 39 LES WATKINS North 39 Perevoznaya 39 Sperm Whale 39 Climate Change Threatens 39 supercooling 39 carbonyl sulfide 39 nightglow 39 atmospheric methane 39 radar altimetry 39 Tatoosh Island 39 Greenland glaciers 39 Benguela Current 39 As Graybill maneuvered 39 anthropogenic emissions 39 Grimsvötn 39 HMS Trafalgar 39 polar regions 39 meridional 39 Wadden Sea 39 CO2 fluxes 39 whale beachings 39 sunspot cycles 39 warmer moister 39 undersea Lomonosov Ridge 39 Polar Vortex 39 hydrometeorological 39 Extrasolar Planets 39 Andean snowmelt 39 Powerful quakes 39 Sumatra Andaman earthquake 39 Getting Thinner 39 Jakobshavn 39 fine grained sediment 39 Harding Icefield 39 Humpback Whales 39 Vatnajökull 39 polar voyages 39 vulnerable marine ecosystems 39 Varanger 39 subtropical gyre 39 oceanography meteorology 39 lithosphere 39 aerosol concentrations 39 Stud Poker 39 Tulaczyk 39 Grímsvötn 39 Warm moist 39 midlatitudes 39 Arid Regions 39 Strathcona Fiord 39 Humpback whale 39 Venture Production VPC.L 39 Envisat satellite 39 Climate Change Impacts 39 frozen wastelands 39 Sea Surface Temperature 39 deforestation desertification 39 Pelagia noctiluca 39 Tampen 39 abyssal plain 39 block #/#b 39 BG Norge AS 39 trawler sinks 39 hydrographic 39 IRC +# 39 Block #/#a [004] 39 eroding shorelines 39 Surtsey 39 Weather Whys 39 Climatic 39 polar 39 Teens Rescued 39 refugia 39 Glaciers Melting 39 Umbilicals 39 atmospheric oceanic 39 Lophelia 39 magnetospheric 39 Melting ice 39 Eyjafjallajokull Volcano 39 Cruise Ship Sinks 39 Snow Buntings 39 chlorine monoxide 39 Seabed 39 Iceberg Alley 39 Lower Jurassic 39 Charcot Island 39 Permafrost 39 lunar magma 39 geosphere 39 magnetospheres 38 Tropospheric 38 Beaufort Seas 38 Skan Bay 38 Meteorological Satellites 38 El Niño winters 38 cod quota 38 Showery 38 Igarka 38 Climate Impacts 38 Circadian Clock 38 Aleutian Chain 38 Okmok Volcano 38 Nares Strait 38 TONIGHT Mostly clear 38 basaltic rocks 38 Polar explorers 38 polar mesospheric clouds 38 Reykjanes 38 ENVISAT 38 Nanometer Design 38 numerical modeling 38 Palaeocene Eocene Thermal Maximum 38 Subsea Production 38 Narwhals 38 Himalayan Glaciers 38 Humber Arm 38 Causes Power Outages 38 Saturn moon Mimas 38 NEAFC 38 Emissions Monitoring 38 Surface Composition Spectrometer 38 polar icecap 38 scallop dredging 38 Troposphere 38 Vesteraalen islands 38 Weakened Ernesto 38 Ships Collide 38 Wavelets 38 Saanich Inlet 38 Kayak Tours 38 Dynamical 38 Roiling 38 Antarctic icesheet 38 cloud microphysics 38 Brain Stimulation 38 Current Warm Period 38 Sugata Hazra 38 wetter winters 38 Strong Earthquake Hits 38 Vapours 38 Icecap 38 polarimetric 38 lowermost mantle