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(Click for frequent words.) 63 Observatoire de Paris 58 Laboratoire d' Astrophysique de 57 Spatiale des 56 Joseph Fourier 56 VIRTIS 56 INAF IASF 56 ESO VLT 55 Institut d' Astrophysique de 55 Pierre Simon Laplace 54 Grenoble Observatory 54 Jean Pierre Bibring 54 Lunine 54 La Silla observatory 53 MPIfR 53 Fermi LAT 53 Christophe Sotin 52 Astronomie 52 Astrophysical Institute 52 Villigen Switzerland 52 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Belgium 52 Max Planck Institut fur 52 ESA XMM Newton 51 orbiting gamma ray 51 Alessandro Morbidelli 51 CoRoT satellite 51 Cassini ion 51 COROT 51 SHARAD 51 Calar Alto Observatory 51 Observatoire de la 51 Planetary Transits 51 Peter Jenniskens 51 Observatoire de Haute Provence 51 Krimigis 51 Stassun 51 ESA Cluster 51 Interferometer 51 Spatiales 50 galactic cosmic rays 50 Max Planck Institut fuer 50 Wolszczan 50 RHESSI 50 Jacques Laskar 50 Heterodyne Instrument 50 Dimitar Sasselov 50 Institut Laue Langevin 50 Rainer Klement 50 spectroscopically 50 Hegerl 50 spectroscopic analysis 50 Kazantzidis 50 Spectrograph 50 Earth Observation Programmes 49 Abdussamatov 49 Astrophysics Cambridge Mass. 49 chromosphere 49 Max Planck Institut für 49 Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin 49 Observatory astronomer 49 X ray spectrometer 49 airglow 49 NASA Wilkinson Microwave 49 extrasolar 49 Oscillations 49 LMU Munich 49 Stéphane Udry 49 Tom Krimigis 49 Richard Mushotzky 49 Foing 49 Gerhard Neukum 49 XMM Newton satellite 49 Wolfgang Brandner 49 Francois Bouchy 49 imaging spectrometer 49 D CIXS 49 EarthCARE 49 Svensmark 49 Observatory LDEO 49 Radioastronomy 49 CfA 48 planetary Transits 48 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica 48 INMS 48 infrared interferometry 48 Cabrol 48 Anisotropy Probe WMAP 48 Relations Observatory STEREO 48 Sasselov 48 Extraterrestrial Physics 48 De Pontieu 48 ESO Very Large Telescope 48 VIRTIS instrument 48 exoplanetary 48 Spudis 48 millimeter wavelengths 48 Courbin 48 Professor Wickramasinghe 48 Paranal Observatory 48 Infrared Pathfinder Satellite 48 Astronomy Observatory 48 Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer 48 Ellen Stofan 48 Mojzsis 48 neutral mass spectrometer 48 X ray observatory 48 ESO astronomer 48 Rychard Bouwens 48 Kailash Sahu 48 Luterbacher 48 X ray wavelengths 48 Hakan Svedhem 48 National d' Etudes 48 Christophe Lovis 48 La Silla Observatory 48 Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory 47 solar corona 47 THEMIS Image 47 UKIRT 47 Gal Yam 47 Franck Marchis 47 Planck satellite 47 Roque de los 47 Convection Rotation 47 ESA Integral 47 Space Physics 47 Scheeres 47 Hörst 47 Physique du Globe 47 Stephane Udry 47 Gaensler 47 interferometer 47 Mossbauer 47 CoRoT 9b 47 Delta Cephei 47 Bernard Foing 47 chondrules 47 infrared astronomy 47 XMM Newton 47 ASTRON 47 astrometric 47 Jupiter moon Io 47 GFZ 47 Muchachos Observatory 47 Veizer 47 Svedhem 47 HD#b 47 Jenniskens 47 ESA Planck 47 neutron spectrometer 47 Roberto Seu 47 ESA Herschel 47 Moon Mineralogy Mapper M3 47 ASPERA 47 interferometric 46 Paul Sabatier 46 Smos 46 Imaging Spectrometer 46 Astrophysics Laboratory 46 RS Ophiuchi 46 Imke de 46 Cancri e 46 Credits ESA 46 telescopic observations 46 Kaltenegger 46 UVES 46 Mauna Kea Hawaii 46 SCIAMACHY 46 planet orbiting 46 COROT 7b 46 spectrographs 46 Natalie Batalha 46 Dikpati 46 ESRF 46 Zarnecki 46 Drake Deming 46 Michael Studinger 46 C1XS 46 Katlenburg Lindau Germany 46 Paranal 46 Submillimeter Array 46 RRATs 46 Galileo spacecraft 46 absorption spectra 46 Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer 46 Cloud Aerosol Lidar 46 Neutral Mass Spectrometer 46 Thermal Emission Spectrometer 46 Descent Imager Spectral Radiometer 46 Observatoire de 46 KIPAC 46 intrinsic brightness 46 Volker Liebig 46 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 46 stellar occultations 46 Borexino 46 GALEX 46 Ulysses spacecraft 45 Observatory SDO 45 Xavier Delfosse 45 Comet Halley 45 EPOCh 45 ESO Paranal Observatory 45 Active Galactic Nuclei 45 Muséum National 45 Xavier Bonfils 45 ESO telescope 45 photoelectron spectroscopy 45 Giovanna Tinetti 45 Cristina Chiappini 45 Microlensing Observations 45 AB Aurigae 45 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de 45 CRISM 45 Planetary Fourier Spectrometer PFS 45 circumstellar 45 Grätzel 45 radio occultation 45 Thiemens 45 microwave radiometer 45 Planetology 45 Microscopy Electrochemistry 45 aerosol particles 45 Fraunhofer ISE 45 Anny Cazenave 45 HARPS spectrograph attached 45 distant quasars 45 NASA WMAP 45 THEMIS mission 45 Evolution Explorer 45 moon Io 45 Vittorio Formisano 45 Rodrigo Ibata 45 interstellar cloud 45 gamma ray observatory 45 Fairen 45 ray Space Telescope 45 Giovanni Cassini 45 Composite Infrared Spectrometer 45 STScI 45 Reinhard Genzel 45 Catherine Cesarsky 45 Area Telescope LAT 45 Total Ozone Mapping 45 Harlow Shapley 45 Andrea Ghez 45 Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe 45 submillimetre 45 Southern Observatory ESO 45 Bonnie Buratti 45 NASA Fermi Gamma 45 Dauphas 45 Astronomical Observatory 45 Jamie Elsila 45 Peter Grünberg 45 emission spectroscopy 45 Cassini Ion 45 Crab Pulsar 45 geochemists 45 Spectrometer 45 de Pater 45 Comet #P 45 ammonia hydrate 45 Jonathan Lunine 45 AKARI 45 Saul Perlmutter 44 radiometry 44 Microlensing 44 Earthlike planets 44 Hubble observations 44 Martian meteorites 44 Observatory STEREO 44 Charles Beichman 44 Cassini ultraviolet 44 Eta Carinae 44 Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt PTB 44 Kuiper belt objects 44 extrasolar planetary systems 44 NASA THEMIS 44 Hawaii Telescope CFHT 44 lunar craters 44 Cassini flyby 44 Cerro Tololo 44 NASA Aqua 44 RXTE 44 Velicogna 44 Mars CRISM 44 Explorer IBEX 44 distant quasar 44 Syrtis Major 44 ESA SMART 44 carbonaceous chondrites 44 Instrument OMI 44 told physicsworld.com 44 SRON 44 Sushil Atreya 44 polarimetric 44 Samuel Oschin Telescope 44 Marchis 44 mineralogical composition 44 radiometer 44 Las Campanas Observatory 44 Figer 44 photochemistry 44 Ghez 44 nightglow 44 Manchester Jodrell Bank 44 Liger Belair 44 Brera Observatory 44 Gerard Kuiper 44 twin STEREO spacecraft 44 infrared mapping spectrometer 44 Interferometer VLTI 44 polarimeter 44 NASA Far Ultraviolet 44 Nima Arkani Hamed 44 auroral emissions 44 distant supernovae 44 Keck Observatory 44 Alfven waves 44 IFM GEOMAR 44 Eicke Weber 44 composite infrared spectrometer 44 Atmospheric Physics 44 Kepler Mission 44 Tharsis Rise 44 Gerta Keller 44 Gegenwart 44 MARSIS 44 Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig 44 Chandra Wickramasinghe 44 Neukum 44 Steward Observatory 44 Methone 44 geoneutrinos 44 Mars Color Imager 44 astrometry 44 SPICAM 44 Anthony Remijan 44 spectroscopic measurements 43 exoplanet atmospheres 43 spectroscopic observations 43 Scherrer Institute 43 midlatitudes 43 Wide Angle Search 43 Leiden Observatory 43 ROSAT 43 Japan NAOJ 43 Observatory NOAO 43 volcanic plumes 43 SOHO spacecraft 43 SRON Netherlands Institute 43 Astrophysics MOA 43 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica 43 Jay Zwally 43 Measuring Mission TRMM 43 CTIO 43 Schellart 43 Anisotropy Probe 43 Biogeochemistry 43 planetary astronomer 43 exo planets 43 constellation Eridanus 43 Katzman Automatic 43 Storrie Lombardi 43 Galilean satellites 43 High Angular Resolution 43 Conselice 43 Nikku Madhusudhan 43 OGLE TR #b 43 orbiting Chandra 43 ESA Envisat 43 Near Infrared Camera 43 Cosmic Microwave Background 43 Triangulum Galaxy 43 Sibeck 43 Planck spacecraft 43 GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam 43 Omega Centauri 43 DZero 43 Hubble Space Telescope HST 43 APXS 43 Volker Liebig ESA 43 astrophysical phenomena 43 infrared spectra 43 Geminga 43 Filippenko 43 NAOJ 43 Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment 43 High Accuracy Radial 43 SDSS II 43 ARPES 43 FORCAST 43 Jakosky 43 KamLAND 43 infrared telescopes 43 Giuranna 43 mesoscale 43 NASA STEREO 43 MOLA 43 Paquay 43 Ontario Lacus 43 Diviner instrument 43 NASA QuikScat satellite 43 Pieter van Dokkum 43 Very Large Telescope 43 GLAST Burst Monitor 43 Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave 43 Mercury exosphere 43 submillimetre wavelengths 43 UA Steward Observatory 43 neutrino detectors 43 Astrophysicists 43 electron diffraction 43 Max Plank 43 hydrated minerals 43 Tarduno 43 Isabella Velicogna 43 jovian 43 Shaviv 43 Kounaves 43 Detlev Arendt 43 Shallow Subsurface Radar 43 Astrophysicist 43 Keck Telescope 43 Galaxy Evolution 42 cosmic ray observatory 42 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 42 CSIRO Parkes radio 42 MINOS 42 Ekaterina Dadachova 42 auroral 42 NASA Goddard 42 Huygens mission 42 Mission TRMM 42 gamma rays emitted 42 comets orbiting 42 X ray telescopes 42 HARPS instrument 42 supersymmetric particles 42 Henry Bortman 42 Ranging MESSENGER spacecraft 42 eclipsing binary 42 photochemical reactions 42 coronal loops 42 Keck telescope 42 Friis Christensen 42 Cassini imaging 42 atmospheric oceanic 42 GEO# 42 submillimeter wavelengths 42 La Silla Chile 42 cosmological distances 42 Coel Hellier 42 Cepheids 42 earthshine 42 ESA Rosetta 42 Lyot 42 subsurface ocean 42 ULIS 42 Cassini radar 42 Cerro Paranal Chile 42 Lisse 42 Hellas Basin 42 mesospheric 42 occultations 42 Saturn magnetosphere 42 spectrographic 42 VISTA telescope 42 NASA Interstellar Boundary 42 Zinkernagel 42 Southampton Oceanography 42 MARSIS radar 42 sterile neutrino 42 Ionosphere 42 Cepheid variables 42 Garching Germany 42 Maria Zuber 42 Exoplanet 42 Laboratory SSRL 42 oceanographic measurements 42 detect gravitational waves 42 Giovanni Picardi 42 Mars Climate Sounder 42 Ozone Monitoring 42 Schiestl 42 Energy Stereoscopic 42 infrared spectrograph 42 melt inclusions 42 Astrophysics 42 SIRTF 42 radiometers 42 Kashlinsky 42 silicates 42 John Zarnecki 42 aerosol concentrations 42 V. Ramanathan 42 Rasio 42 Rossby waves 42 Ken Edgett 42 planetary geologist 42 spacecraft Cassini 42 gaseous planet 41 galactic mergers 41 Earthlike 41 Corot 7b 41 La Silla 41 mid latitudes 41 Fomalhaut b 41 Erlangen Nürnberg 41 HESS telescopes 41 Cryospheric Sciences Branch 41 auroral activity 41 Ohmoto 41 Maccone 41 Röntgen 41 SEGUE 41 neutrino physics 41 Earthshine 41 solar irradiance 41 Frank Bertoldi 41 oxygen isotope ratios 41 Pierre Auger Observatory 41 Hinode 41 Rosetta orbiter 41 Aqua satellite 41 Bonanos 41 Nilton Renno 41 Ferenc Krausz 41 planetary scientist 41 Nucleare 41 Klekociuk 41 infrared spectroscopy 41 Bruce Jakosky 41 transmission electron microscopy 41 Dipl. Ing 41 ecliptic plane 41 Eberhard Karls University 41 Rössler 41 École Polytechnique Fédérale de 41 Envisat satellite 41 Submillimeter 41 Galembeck 41 radar altimetry 41 backscattered 41 Halzen 41 magnetospheres 41 Romanovsky 41 carbonate minerals 41 Gehrels 41 Chajnantor 41 Hal Levison 41 Kanatzidis 41 Maciej Konacki 41 CFHT 41 Science Popularisation Association 41 Observatories 41 LOFAR 41 spatial variability 41 spiral galaxy NGC 41 phyllosilicates 41 Observatory LIGO 41 magma ocean 41 NASA MODIS 41 mantle plumes 41 Rainer Blatt 41 vegetation greenness 41 Telescope LSST 41 GJ #b [002] 41 Djorgovski 41 Kruijff 41 Canadell 41 accretion disks 41 constellation Carina 41 National Astronomical Observatory 41 TRMM satellite 41 Planetary Science Institute 41 filamentary structure 41 Astrophysical 41 Pascale Ehrenfreund 41 ionospheric 41 LHCb 41 CIRS 41 redshift 41 neutrino oscillation 41 CMB radiation 41 Chepstow Lusty 41 Otto Bliesner 41 Herschel telescope 41 WM Keck Observatory 41 neutrino mass 41 Kravtsov 41 isotopic compositions 41 Habitable Worlds 41 Theodor Hänsch 41 Tropical Rainfall Measuring 41 Toutatis 41 theoretical astrophysicist 41 Fermi telescope 41 Gerhard Schwehm 41 visible wavelengths 41 Mount Stromlo Observatory 41 Jeffrey Kargel 41 Astrophysical Research 41 blackbody radiation 41 Komossa 41 cometary nucleus 41 Solar Radiation 41 Fred Hoyle 41 WMAP 41 Climate Experiment 41 Diviner 41 Grillmair 41 SNfactory 41 Computer simulations 41 Fabrizio Croce 41 Lovis 41 Keck telescopes 41 basaltic rocks 41 Cerro Paranal 40 microlensing events 40 Mercury magnetosphere 40 Dario Floreano 40 constellation Pisces 40 Vrije University 40 XMM Newton X ray 40 Heliospheric Observatory SOHO 40 prominences 40 Paczynski 40 coronal heating 40 barred spiral galaxy 40 NOAO 40 Tommaso Treu 40 Ravishankara 40 Dansgaard 40 Deep Impact Principal Investigator 40 Ray Jayawardhana 40 Tod Strohmayer 40 Herschel Space 40 Udry 40 Candor Chasma 40 mu Arae 40 Institut Universitaire de 40 Surveys ACS 40 WIYN 40 Andromeda Galaxy 40 Gerhard Knies 40 magnetic monopoles 40 Super Kamiokande 40 Avishay Gal Yam 40 starburst galaxy 40 axion 40 Shri Kulkarni 40 reionization 40 Fermi Gamma ray 40 Telescope BAT 40 midlatitude 40 Kunches 40 ENVISAT 40 Jay Pasachoff 40 Neil Gehrels 40 Caltech astronomer 40 Context Camera 40 JQI 40 journal Icarus 40 Arkani Hamed 40 HD #b [002] 40 Sigurd Hofmann 40 InSAR 40 Olaf Blanke 40 physicist Max Planck 40 Biological Cybernetics 40 Earthscope 40 Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna 40 Haymet 40 Volcanologist 40 Zalasiewicz 40 TerraSAR X 40 Jane Ferrigno 40 Subaru Telescope 40 superfluids 40 NASA Jet Propulsion Lab 40 nanobubbles 40 HD# [002] 40 Large Telescope 40 Mandushev 40 André Jacques Auberton 40 OMEGA instrument 40 exoplanet hunter 40 gravitational lensing 40 Bousso 40 Extragalactic 40 Cassini magnetometer 40 Curtarolo 40 Carnegie Observatories 40 Titan smoggy 40 Lars Prahm 40 Wilfried Haeberli 40 Lick Observatory 40 Freie Universitaet Berlin 40 Lennart Mucke MD 40 Biozentrum 40 Camelopardalis 40 Fabiola Gianotti 40 Cosmic Background Explorer COBE 40 Astroparticle Physics 40 astrophysicists 40 Malliaras 40 Gmachl 40 scale invariance 40 Gregory Asner 40 NASA Heliophysics 40 MEarth 40 Saturnian system 40 Glikson 40 Wilkinson Microwave Probe 40 Multi Object Spectrograph 40 Solar Observatory 40 Vourlidas 40 Behrenfeld 40 Vassilis Angelopoulos 40 Spatiales CNES 40 Explorer WISE 40 Ludwig Maximilians Universität LMU 40 faint galaxies 40 Bignami 40 Aharonson 40 Lamont Doherty 40 atmospheric aerosols 40 Adam Riess 40 Forschungszentrum Dresden Rossendorf FZD 40 Envisat 40 Nasa Jet Propulsion 40 hydroxyl molecules 40 Larry Soderblom 40 Busemann 40 Auger Observatory 39 satellite altimetry 39 Miskolczi 39 Atacama Large Millimeter submillimeter 39 Konacki 39 HUDF 39 Joachim Heinrich 39 Fran Bagenal 39 Effelsberg 39 Mullard Space Science 39 isotope ratios 39 biosignature 39 Fasullo 39 Institute Jules Bordet 39 crustal thickness 39 Helfenstein 39 Jeffrey Plaut 39 crystalline silicates 39 Reflection Radiometer 39 CALIPSO 39 Reynald Seznec 39 gamma ray burst 39 astronomical telescope 39 Cassini interdisciplinary 39 Scripps Oceanography 39 Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical 39 George Gamow 39 moon Mimas 39 Bibring 39 Helmholtz Zentrum München 39 muon neutrino 39 Meteoritics 39 Mario Livio 39 infrared observatory 39 Rignot 39 Nial Tanvir 39 David Southwood ESA 39 NASA Cassini 39 Andromeda Galaxy M# 39 spectral fingerprints 39 Velocity Planet Searcher 39 Dardel 39 Smithsonian astronomer 39 Betsy Weatherhead 39 Carolyn Porco 39 auroral displays 39 Förster 39 clathrates 39 Antarctic Dry Valleys 39 Lika Guhathakurta 39 BaBar 39 SeaWiFS 39 Orbiter spacecraft 39 Berinstain 39 astronomical observations 39 eruptive activity 39 Mewaldt 39 Type Ia supernova 39 Grünberg 39 radar interferometry 39 mineral olivine 39 NASA Infrared Telescope 39 cryovolcanism 39 Nasa Goddard Space 39 NASA Landsat 39 Rathnasree 39 Rudolf Grimm 39 SUSY 39 Mid Infrared 39 aboard ESA Envisat 39 Mini TES 39 stony meteorites 39 X ray Observatory 39 Grammier 39 Vladimir Shalaev 39 oxygen isotopes 39 Bindschadler 39 Max Delbrück 39 Sigmundsson 39 Zolensky 39 Sara Seager 39 Astrophysics CfA 39 constellation Centaurus 39 Hoeppe 39 Bottke 39 NOAA GOES 39 Telescope Array 39 Arizona Steward Observatory 39 Brigham Grette 39 DESY 39 RPWS 39 planetary nebulas 39 Field Imager 39 Louis Stodieck 39 Charpak 39 Rayleigh scattering 39 Vigny 39 Richard Binzel 39 Sromovsky 39 Alycia Weinberger 39 Resolution Stereo Camera 39 Haystack Observatory 39 Lunar Crater 39 Scuola Normale Superiore 39 DEEP2 39 Titarchuk 39 Heliophysics 39 Soukoulis 39 Hatzes 39 isotopic signatures 39 spherules 39 planetary astronomy 39 Malcolm Fridlund 39 Lewis Dartnell 39 CIRES 39 astrophysical 39 astronomers 39 X ray observatories 39 Astronomers 39 type Ia supernovae 39 Geostationary 39 Gamburtsev 39 optical telescope 39 SCISAT 39 lunar topography 39 INTEGRAL satellite 39 Ketterle 39 Chajnantor plateau 39 Alfred Wegener 39 Magellan telescopes 39 Justus Liebig University 38 submillimeter 38 VLBI 38 Jean Pierre Lebreton 38 Paul Spudis 38 Ghassem Asrar 38 Niels Bohr Institute 38 Comet Hale Bopp 38 Gaetano Di Achille 38 Michal Lipson 38 CERN physicist 38 Geoscience Laser Altimeter 38 van Hulten 38 Vikhlinin 38 Infrared Mapping Spectrometer 38 DEIMOS 38 Ismagilov 38 Bruce Margon 38 astronomer 38 Le Quéré 38 Paranal Chile 38 ASCAT 38 emits X rays 38 Ohmura 38 silicate crystals 38 THEMIS satellites 38 specular reflection 38 phyllosilicate 38 Jeffrey Hangst 38 SECCHI 38 Voorwerp 38 Auroral 38 brightest supernova 38 Hamish Pritchard 38 Dmitri Denisov 38 Gael Chauvin 38 spiral nebulae 38 ESA ERS 38 GRB #B 38 UC Observatories Lick 38 Bohdan Paczynski 38 Ziurys 38 weak gravitational lensing 38 Reginster 38 André Borschberg 38 Robotic Exploration 38 cometary dust 38 Mission TRMM satellite 38 tau neutrino 38 interplanetary spacecraft 38 green alga 38 Erik Asphaug 38 megacryometeor 38 masers 38 Heymsfield 38 Helios 2B 38 Rolf Kudritzki 38 Observatory 38 Christian Koeberl 38 Pierre Auger 38 tholins 38 fluorescence spectroscopy 38 quantum oscillations 38 Leslie Orgel 38 Tegmark 38 Xiaodong Song 38 WMAP satellite 38 Hans Peter Uerpmann 38 Cassini scientist 38 positron 38 colliders 38 Cosmic Background Explorer 38 Alexander Kashlinsky 38 particle detector 38 Luann Becker 38 Van Leeuwenhoek 38 Anton Zeilinger 38 crustal rocks 38 Ken Herkenhoff 38 homochirality 38 Jonathan Lunine Cassini 38 geobiologist 38 Mossbauer spectrometer 38 reflectance spectroscopy 38 Orthodox theologian 38 Alfred McEwen 38 type Ia supernova 38 Hawaii Mauna Kea 38 Aizenberg 38 nanofluids 38 Edwin Hubble 38 Alex Filippenko 38 constellation Hercules 38 MISR 38 Observatory telescope 38 Hap McSween 38 Martin Tomasko 38 Nieuwland 38 Hinode spacecraft 38 Des Marais 38 INGV 38 multiband imaging photometer 38 LANP 38 Kuchner 38 Peer Bork 38 Pasachoff 38 Heinrich Rohrer 38 Credit NASA JPL 38 nanoscientist 38 Neil Gehrels Swift 38 SAAO 38 sulfur isotope 38 optical telescopes 38 JINR 38 Cometary 38 infrared spectrometer 38 Earth orbiting satellites 38 Observatory Very 38 SSRL 38 SuperWASP 38 stellar seismology 38 Christopher Chyba 38 Min Gu 38 African Astronomical Observatory 38 neutron scattering experiments 38 Einstein equations 38 Mate Adamkovics 38 MODIS instrument 38 Ludwig Maximilian University 38 Gemini telescopes 38 isotopic ratios 38 Stefano Marchesini 38 polar caps 38 Russell Hemley