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(Click for frequent words.) 70 SNOLAB 61 TRIUMF 59 Steacie Institute 57 Theoretical Astrophysics 57 Super Kamiokande 56 Geological Survey OGS 55 detect neutrinos 55 Nanotechnology NINT 54 INRS 54 NINT 54 particle astrophysics 54 neutrino detector 53 Jules Blais 53 biomineralization 53 CANMET 52 NORCAT 52 KamLAND 52 Rydberg atom 52 Council Geoanalytical Laboratories 52 Jillian Buriak 52 psychologist Janet Werker 52 MINOS experiment 52 neutrino experiment 52 MINOS 52 neutrino observatory 52 CDMS experiment 52 Ray Jayawardhana 52 electron accelerator 52 Ste Germaine 52 Source synchrotron 51 JILA joint 51 neutron beam 51 Activation Laboratories Ltd 51 Research Institute AERI 51 paleontological discoveries 51 geochronology 51 Borexino 51 ultracold temperatures 51 Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource 51 CHALK RIVER 51 solar neutrinos 51 Laboratory NSCL 51 electron neutrinos 51 Microlensing Observations 51 neutrino beam 51 Universit de Montral 51 spectroscopic analysis 51 Barbara Sherwood Lollar 51 neutrino experiments 50 gravitational microlensing 50 NASA THEMIS 50 École Polytechnique de Montréal 50 Alberta Ingenuity 50 tokamak 50 Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal 50 Gilles Brassard 50 Herzberg Institute 50 Integran Technologies Inc. 50 NOvA 50 SSRL 49 Vaclav Smil 49 Axel Heiberg Island 49 Richard Mushotzky 49 geomicrobiology 49 SDSS II 49 Jaymie Matthews 49 methane seeps 49 SRC Geoanalytical Laboratories 49 Anisotropy Probe 49 Electron Microscopy 49 Niobec niobium mine 49 antineutrino 49 particle detectors 49 CSTAR 49 Synchrotron Radiation 49 CANMET Materials Technology 49 prolific Abitibi region 49 scanning tunneling microscopy 49 Henri Becquerel 49 neutron spectrometer 49 Heart Institute UOHI 49 Astrophysics MOA 49 Nima Arkani Hamed 49 Bose Einstein condensates 49 Polymet Labs 49 SGS Lakefield SGS 49 Geochemistry 49 Buzzard Coulee 49 Bose Einstein condensation 49 OHRI 48 Universite de Sherbrooke 48 BaBar experiment 48 Cristina Chiappini 48 Peller Estates Icewine 48 Universite Laval 48 BaBar 48 proton accelerator 48 ion beams 48 Anthony Remijan 48 evaporite 48 Loring Laboratories 48 SHARCNET 48 accelerator mass spectrometry 48 geochemists 48 Radio Astrophysical Observatory 48 synchrotrons 48 Cosmic Background Explorer COBE 48 Accurassay 48 Université de Sherbrooke 48 hydrogen helium 48 GEO# 48 synchrotron 48 stellar seismology 48 photoacoustic 48 MRC LMB 48 bonebed 48 cosmic ray observatory 48 Spectroscopic Explorer 48 biophysicists 48 neutrino physics 48 ESO telescope 48 told physicsworld.com 48 Planetary Transits 48 Ontario SUNTV Sun 48 superconducting electrons 48 Génome Québec Innovation 48 La Silla observatory 48 martian meteorites 48 APXS 48 ACTLABS 48 KIPAC 48 Image NASA JPL 47 neutrino oscillations 47 Villy Christensen 47 lunar meteorites 47 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 47 atom smashers 47 Synchrotron 47 prolific Athabasca Basin 47 Centre Hospitalier de l' 47 tau neutrinos 47 carbonatites 47 Genesis Genomics 47 Jana Vamosi 47 proton decay 47 neutrino detectors 47 geoneutrinos 47 TrES 4 47 nanomechanics 47 graphene flake 47 angle resolved photoemission 47 David Spergel 47 Attawapiskat Property 47 Neutron Source 47 cyclotron 47 subatomic particle 47 SCISAT 47 Francis Halzen 47 HFIR 47 optical coherence 47 neutron beams 47 Jack Siemiatycki 47 Activation Labs 47 Peter Grünberg 47 neutrino telescope 47 electron microprobe 47 Gairdner Awards 47 Education OISE 47 X ray spectrometer 47 de Boule 47 Institut Laue Langevin 47 ESO VLT 47 ChemCam 47 nonlinear optics 47 polaritons 47 iCORE 47 emits gamma rays 47 Becquerel 47 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen 47 helium atom 47 Superior Craton 47 Michael Studinger 47 rubidium 47 NASA Far Ultraviolet 47 rotating neutron stars 46 polar mesospheric clouds 46 l' Université de 46 DRAO 46 CFHT 46 muon 46 Wide Angle Search 46 gravitational radiation 46 Gerhard Herzberg 46 exoplanetary 46 Duane Froese 46 neutralinos 46 theoretical astrophysics 46 millimeter wavelengths 46 UKIRT 46 scanning electron microscopes 46 Magnetars 46 Geoanalytical Laboratories 46 Evangelos Michelakis 46 Ray Spectrometer 46 Commissariat à l' Énergie 46 fluorescence spectroscopy 46 paleoclimatology 46 antiparticle 46 HESS telescopes 46 Fermi Gamma ray 46 Chidliak Baffin Island 46 nanobubbles 46 Onnes 46 Tagish Lake meteorite 46 Milky Way halo 46 helium neon 46 Cosmic Microwave Background 46 supersymmetric particles 46 Steward Observatory 46 diffusion MRI 46 Astrophysical 46 Convection Rotation 46 polarimetric 46 Joseph Ragaz 46 electron neutrino 46 asteroseismology 46 Ordre des ingénieurs du 46 Nutrisciences 46 Arkani Hamed 46 COBE satellite 46 Stora Sahavaara magnetite 46 scale invariance 46 optical spectroscopy 46 CIC nanoGUNE 46 dans la province 46 planetary Transits 46 FT IR spectroscopy 46 neutrino 46 Columbia Icefields 46 yttrium barium copper 46 Manchester Jodrell Bank 46 Geophysical Laboratory 46 MPIfR 46 Chilean Atacama Desert 46 journal Monthly Notices 46 Higgs bosons 46 Craig Heinke 46 Particle Astrophysics 46 superheavy element 46 Carl Woese 46 Transmission Electron Microscope 46 blackbody 46 Biocenter 46 inch refracting telescope 46 LOFAR 46 Centre hospitalier universitaire de 46 ActLabs 46 silicon monoxide 46 Postdoctoral Researcher 46 scintillator 45 DZero experiment 45 Stanford Synchrotron Radiation 45 CMB radiation 45 ATLAS detector 45 Rydberg atoms 45 antineutrinos 45 particle physics experiments 45 Université Laval 45 neutron scattering 45 synchrotron x ray 45 Carnegie Institution Geophysical 45 SAXS 45 quantum oscillations 45 tokamaks 45 Stephen Michnick 45 Nikku Madhusudhan 45 Neptec Design Group 45 AECL Chalk River 45 Computational Cosmology 45 radial velocity technique 45 quantum cascade lasers 45 spectrometry 45 theoretical astrophysicist 45 Vanadium Titanium Iron 45 sterile neutrino 45 UCO Lick 45 nanosized 45 YBCO 45 particle detector 45 Laboratory SSRL 45 Xstrata Nickel Raglan Mine 45 supramolecular chemistry 45 Forschungszentrum Dresden Rossendorf FZD 45 Lake Vostok 45 WMAP satellite 45 Victoria Kaspi 45 Cerro Paranal 45 WM Keck 45 cesium vapor 45 muon neutrino 45 CERN LHC 45 cosmic ray astronomy 45 microcrystals 45 Synodon 45 Geochronology 45 pentacene molecule 45 Dr. Rafick Pierre 45 Chajnantor plateau 45 Fermi LAT 45 Physique du Globe 45 Collider Detector 45 Radioisotope 45 quantum physicists 45 SciNet 45 Mathematical Biology 45 Chaldeans Mensah political 45 radiometric dating 45 ARPES 45 Neil Turok 45 plasmon 45 titanium zirconium 45 magnetic monopoles 45 RRATs 45 neutrinos 45 komatiites 45 CdSe 45 superstrings 45 protein ligand interactions 45 Ralf Gellert 45 XRCC 45 Canada ots PRNewswire 45 particle acceleration 45 Adam Riess 45 Wilder Penfield 45 permanently shadowed craters 45 NORTH BATTLEFORD 45 ultracold atoms 45 Microscopy Electrochemistry 45 photon beams 45 magnetite crystals 45 helium atoms 45 Biomedical Magnetic Resonance 45 Radioastronomy 45 basaltic rocks 45 absorbs photons 45 Libin Cardiovascular Institute 45 IRC +# 45 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 45 infrared spectroscopic 45 Barbara Romanowicz 45 Behavioural Neuroscience 45 radiotelescope 45 promethium 44 emission spectrometer 44 Coma Cluster 44 gamma ray 44 muon neutrinos 44 cosmic particles 44 Martin Krkosek 44 Cerro Pachón 44 l' Université de Montréal 44 luminescence dating 44 spectroscope 44 Cineplex Odeon Queensway 44 La Silla Observatory 44 laser desorption 44 Carlos Frenk 44 Verena Tunnicliffe professor 44 phyllosilicate 44 Gairdner Award 44 extrasolar planetary systems 44 homochirality 44 PhysOrg.com Scientists 44 Compact Muon Solenoid 44 Atikokan Generating Station 44 refrozen ice 44 Nunavut Northwest Territories 44 neutrino oscillation 44 electron microscopist 44 Rainer Blatt 44 Planck satellite 44 lunar craters 44 AGNs 44 laser spectroscopy 44 cuprate 44 synchrotron X ray 44 Observatory astronomer 44 microbialites 44 microfocus X ray 44 Mössbauer spectrometer 44 granite bedrock 44 Structural Genomics Consortium 44 magma ocean 44 Powertech Labs 44 Wilhelm Roentgen 44 ETH Zurich Switzerland 44 exobiology 44 Cees Dekker 44 ionise 44 Acme Analytical 44 Array ALMA 44 Jean Pierre Despres 44 Gal Yam 44 Cometary 44 electrons protons 44 Royal Astronomical Society 44 absorption spectroscopy 44 Neogene 44 CANDU reactors 44 Neutron scattering 44 infrared astronomy 44 Saul Perlmutter 44 Lamont Doherty 44 Haughton Crater 44 Ionosphere Sounding 44 JILA 44 BBSRC funded 44 photoluminescence 44 powder diffraction 44 Base Valcartier near 44 Christiane Ayotte 44 post perovskite 44 patterning technique 44 ultrashort pulses 44 hydrated silica 44 graphitic carbon 44 VY Canis Majoris 44 lithium tantalum cesium 44 du Nouvel 44 Mount Bosavi 44 nanoprobe 44 Theodor Hänsch 44 boson 44 cosmic microwave radiation 44 Ryerson Polytechnic 44 Mazankowski Heart Institute 44 osmium 44 cyclotrons 44 Gerard Kuiper 44 Abdallah Daar 44 multiferroic 44 Black Thor Chromite 44 ESA Cluster 44 Geoffrey Ozin 44 Fermilab Tevatron 44 Keck Interferometer 44 ESA Herschel 44 Lengai 44 Ellen Stofan 44 particle smasher 44 Richard Binzel 44 zinc sulfide 44 Mott insulator 44 Gene Giacomelli 44 Niels Bohr Institute 44 Christoph Sensen 44 sedimentary geology 44 physics astrophysics 44 supersolid 44 undiscovered particle 44 nanometric 44 submillimetre 44 Krembil Neuroscience Centre 44 gamma rays emitted 44 neutron activation 44 circumstellar 44 Franck Marchis 43 Dr. Evangelos Michelakis 43 Main Injector Neutrino 43 ultracold polar molecules 43 STScI 43 cardiology electrophysiology 43 3He 43 Raglan Mine 43 radiobiology 43 quasicrystal 43 pulp CIP 43 Schroedinger 43 colliders 43 extrasolar 43 biogeochemical 43 Nobel laureate physicist 43 Ice Coring 43 mantle convection 43 Isabelle Peretz 43 ab initio calculations 43 Heliospheric Investigation 43 Inuvik Northwest Territories 43 Nanowerk News Researchers 43 adjoint professor 43 NuSTAR 43 diffraction gratings 43 Chajnantor 43 element osmium 43 École de technologie 43 Nechako Plateau regions 43 protons collide 43 colliding protons 43 beamline 43 spectroscopic techniques 43 superfluids 43 heavy fermion 43 Auger Observatory 43 CfA 43 Malmbjerg molybdenum development 43 Lutetium 43 planetary nebulae 43 exo planet 43 Villigen Switzerland 43 dimming starlight 43 microlensing technique 43 Ytterbium 43 Carnegie Observatories 43 lidar instrument 43 theoretical particle physics 43 Kazantzidis 43 hollow cylinders 43 GJ#b 43 Allan Tupper 43 Neutron stars 43 carbonaceous chondrites 43 rocky extrasolar planet 43 Yukawa Institute 43 starburst galaxy 43 Phoenix Microscopy Electrochemistry 43 Fermilab accelerator 43 microscopic crystals 43 ATLAS experiment 43 unexplored frontiers 43 distant supernovas 43 emits X rays 43 gamma ray observatory 43 X ray pulses 43 Carina constellation 43 paleoecology 43 Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin 43 blackbody radiation 43 Ontario Lacus 43 Technology UOIT 43 NanoLab 43 mesoscopic 43 radar interferometry 43 PhysOrg.com Researchers 43 Astrophysicist 43 fluid inclusions 43 Michal Lipson 43 astrophysical sciences 43 superlens 43 NOAO 43 Alex Zettl 43 Press ccg 43 Institute MBARI 43 gamma ray detector 43 Feynman Prize 43 superatoms 43 GRB #B 43 physicists 43 Hap McSween 43 Anisotropy Probe WMAP 43 Thomas Jessell 43 baryon acoustic oscillations 43 mineralogists 43 AERI 43 Condensed Matter Physics 43 Spatiale des 43 Gary Ruvkun 43 RHESSI 43 nuclide 43 Auto# 43 proton antiproton 43 antimatter atoms 43 Storrie Lombardi 43 zircon crystals 43 UVIC 43 SNfactory 43 Martian craters 43 gamma ray emission 43 Utica Shale Play 43 optical interferometry 43 Lydia Miljan 43 microbiology lab 43 Hawking radiation 43 Soft Matter 43 Earthscope 43 Heinrich Rohrer 43 High Flux Isotope 43 Julio Mercader 43 hydrosphere 43 Astrophysicists 43 Pluto Charon 43 subglacial lake 43 EPOCh 43 Astrobiology Institute 43 mesoporous 43 Hao Yan 43 Gilles Paquet 43 Inductively Coupled Plasma 43 paleobotany 43 rhenium Re 43 cosmogenic 43 neutrino particles 43 cryostat 43 supermassive 43 JINR 43 Chad Mirkin 43 scanning tunneling microscope STM 43 speleothems 43 ESA XMM Newton 43 Mont Saint Hilaire 43 COROT 7b 43 amorphous silica 43 circular particle accelerator 43 platinum Pt 43 Terahertz waves 43 European Synchrotron Radiation 43 large hadron collider 43 Nicholas Longrich 43 Technische Universitaet Muenchen 43 Arno Penzias 43 photoemission 43 absorb neutrons 43 atom smashing 43 RWDI 43 Gaston De Serres 43 evaporite deposits 43 millimeter wavelength 43 Lagoon Nebula 43 Las Campanas Observatory 43 electronic excitations 43 distant supernovae 43 Grace Skogstad political 43 subatomic physics 43 Roald Hoffmann 43 tholins 43 synchrotron radiation 42 photochemistry 42 astrobiological 42 airglow 42 Aboard Endeavour 42 beamline #.#.# 42 electron doped 42 Jitender Sareen 42 Particle Accelerator 42 elementary particle physics 42 antihelium 4 42 neuroendocrinology 42 atmospheric physicist 42 elemental composition 42 proton proton collisions 42 smashing protons 42 electron volt 42 Commissariat à l' Energie 42 writer Annabel Lyon 42 Historica Foundation 42 Temiscamingue 42 Kuiper belt objects 42 microscopy techniques 42 B.Sc. Geology 42 antihelium 42 Grillmair 42 Compact Muon Solenoid CMS 42 heterogeneous catalysis 42 XRF analysis 42 antihydrogen 42 kaons 42 astrophysics 42 quantum chromodynamics 42 OFS Laboratories 42 Doushantuo Formation 42 SMBHs 42 astrophysical 42 trans Neptunian objects 42 Technology BCIT 42 antiferromagnets 42 Caltech physicist 42 MINOS detector 42 silicate mineral 42 alkali atoms 42 Radiocarbon 42 Mistaken Point 42 thermal vents 42 biogeochemistry 42 cosmologists 42 spectroscopic measurements 42 neutron flux 42 BLAINVILLE 42 carbonaceous chondrite 42 absorption spectra 42 Cosmic Microwave Background CMB 42 mineralogical composition 42 Ara Norenzayan 42 Pieter van Dokkum 42 Gaspé Peninsula 42 particle physics 42 protoplanetary 42 Societe des alcools du 42 particle physicist 42 Tatshenshini Alsek 42 noctilucent clouds 42 Electronic Stewardship OES 42 Martian meteorites 42 Thomas Thundat 42 Biodiagnostics 42 cometary material 42 Syrtis Major 42 Nanoprobe 42 NIAID Rocky Mountain 42 ion microscope 42 Andromeda halo 42 Sudbury Ont. 42 Particle physics 42 superheavy elements 42 SJ Geophysics Ltd. 42 superfluid helium 42 Europa Ganymede 42 Andre Kurs 42 trimers 42 Cerro Pachon 42 Athabaska 42 ESO Paranal Observatory 42 transfer FRET 42 antiparticles 42 cosmological parameters 42 Antarctic icecap 42 Harvest Hemp 42 biologists geneticists 42 Biomolecular 42 globulars 42 lunar equator 42 Valles Marineris canyon 42 lanthanide 42 supersymmetric 42 Stefano Marchesini 42 spatially resolved 42 biophysicist 42 amorphous calcium carbonate 42 antiproton 42 Zhifeng Ren 42 Harlow Shapley 42 Mullard Space Science 42 BizPaL Launched 42 Hugh MacIsaac 42 Facility ESRF 42 Saint Jérôme 42 Theoretical physicist 42 Naweed Syed 42 magnetic monopole 42 beamlines 42 Jay Famiglietti 42 Terrestrial Magnetism 42 near infrared fluorescence 42 sub glacial lakes 42 Fermi telescope 42 FTIR spectroscopy 42 Bose Einstein condensate 42 mammalian genetics 42 Glenn T. Seaborg 42 photon energies 42 matter antimatter asymmetry 42 Submillimeter Array 42 palaeontology 42 manipulating atoms 42 volcanic arcs 42 Gamburtsev 42 oxygen isotope 42 Neutrons 42 barium titanate 42 oxide particles 42 magnetic anisotropy 42 interferometers 42 Space Physics 42 Phanerozoic 42 Kavli Institute 42 Hawaii Telescope CFHT 42 X ray telescopes 42 biosynthetic corneas 42 Tak Mak 42 Pierre Auger Observatory 42 metabolome 42 COBE 42 neodymium Nd 42 Roentgen 42 Fred Hoyle 42 isotopic ratios 42 unconventional superconductivity 42 Translational Biology 42 Astroparticle Physics 42 W boson 42 fusion fission 42 Rudolf Grimm 42 Press blb 42 Muons 42 Hans Tropsch 42 spectroscopic technique 42 Nouveau Brunswick 42 abiogenesis 42 Andrew Derocher 42 Josh Bongard 42 includes U#O# wt 42 Soudan mine 42 ammonite 42 Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig 42 Chazy Reef 42 École Polytechnique Fédérale de 42 Lise Meitner 42 Guy Rouleau 42 Kevin Schawinski 42 photoemission spectroscopy 42 stony meteorites 42 enzyme kinetics 42 GJ #b [001] 42 Andrei Linde 42 Beaty Biodiversity Museum 42 Danuta Skowronski 42 gamma ray telescope 42 biosignature 42 ALH# 42 Heliophysics 41 Max Planck Institut für 41 particle physics lab 41 astrophysicists 41 Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave 41 CAIs 41 Computational Chemistry 41 photons particles 41 SRON 41 Cyclotron 41 Accurassay Laboratories Thunder 41 Cepheid variables 41 silicate rocks 41 archaeo 41 Mouchalagane Nickel Copper 41 spectrographs 41 DZero 41 masers 41 lowermost mantle 41 isostatic rebound 41 stable isotope 41 Radiochemistry 41 particle colliders 41 Heavy Ion 41 electrodynamics 41 IPAC CO2 41 NanoScience 41 iron arsenide 41 glacial geology 41 orbiting gamma ray 41 cobalt atom 41 Thomas Zurbuchen 41 phenanthrene 41 x ray beam 41 nanoscale fabrication 41 observational cosmology 41 Cosmic Background Explorer 41 dinosaur specimens 41 spinels 41 ppm uranium 41 Observatory STEREO 41 Awschalom 41 Gamma rays 41 glaciological 41 erbium 41 Ralph Alpher 41 saline aquifer 41 Big Bang Machine 41 dynamical processes 41 Université du Québec 41 MITACS 41 electrically conducting 41 planetary astronomer 41 WM Keck Observatory 41 OUT OF DOORS 41 chiral metamaterials 41 theoretical physicist 41 quantum phenomena 41 chemical abundances 41 Nergis Mavalvala 41 Loren Rieseberg 41 laser excitation 41 stony meteorite 41 SPring 8 41 Buckminsterfullerene 41 Mossbauer spectrometer 41 olivine crystals 41 lunar regolith 41 backscattering 41 nanobiology 41 nucleosynthesis 41 Antarctic Dry Valleys 41 Cégep de 41 Paulatuk Northwest Territories 41 Hans Wuthrich 41 HZB 41 Hotchkiss Brain Institute 41 HD#b 41 actinide 41 IceCube 41 positron emission 41 NOAA ESRL 41 Ketterle 41 verified experimentally 41 Russell Hemley 41 Free Electron Laser 41 Kermadec Arc 41 Don Gurnett 41 International Linear Collider 41 paleomagnetic 41 X ray observatories 41 Hauptman Woodward 41 Jülich 41 FPInnovations 41 Biosphère 41 CITY VANCOUVER LOCATION 41 Bay MPP Gilles 41 Accurassay Labs 41 www.synodon.com 41 cryosphere 41 lanthanides 41 NSLS 41 planetary nebulas 41 accelerator mass spectrometer 41 supervolcanoes 41 Vourlidas 41 quasiparticle 41 cosmological distances 41 Jupiter moon Io 41 LENR 41 filamentary structure 41 silicate mantle 41 galaxy formation 41 Ny Ålesund 41 Shallow Subsurface Radar 41 coated nanotubes 41 Max Planck Institut fuer 41 National Laboratory ORNL 41 Petrographic 41 observational astronomy 41 Dr Novoselov 41 Sainte Therese 41 silicate minerals 41 X ray fluorescence 41 X ray observatory 41 Roberta Bondar 41 radiogenic 41 Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory 41 nanobacteria 41 Stephan Quintet 41 reionization 41 Gamma ray burst 41 AERONET 41 Ahmed El Sohemy 41 planets orbiting distant 41 CYBERTRIPS LOGO Logo 41 silicate dust 41 fermionic 41 Ecole Normale Supérieure 41 Weyburn Midale 41 sonofusion 41 quantum optics 41 catalytically active 41 isotopic compositions 41 Antikythera mechanism 41 F. Helliwell 41 Cody Cassidy Donalda 41 Gemini Observatory 41 Universitat 41 radiotracers 41 ultracold molecules 41 topological insulators 41 glaciology 41 MPc 41 By LAURIE MUSTARD 41 Planetary Geology 41 Alfven waves 41 HARPS instrument 41 isotope 41 Grant MacEwan College 41 Corot 7b 41 Delta Cephei 41 sterile neutrinos 41 NASA Cosmic Background 41 Carbon Dioxide ERC 41 extrasolar planetary 41 Wilhelm Rontgen 41 multicellular animals 41 microbial nanowires 41 Ecole de technologie 41 Barry Barish 41 Soudan Minn. 41 Cancer IRIC 41 planetary geology 41 MiniBooNE 41 noble gases 41 emit photons 41 Molecular Libraries 41 CITY EDMONTON LOCATION 41 Infrared spectroscopy 41 organometallic chemistry 41 chalcogenides