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(Click for frequent words.) 66 Neoproterozoic 66 Late Ordovician 65 magmatism 64 Neogene 64 Plio Pleistocene 62 Cenozoic 62 biogeochemical 62 paleomagnetic 62 planktonic foraminifera 62 paleoclimatic 62 geochronology 62 kyr 62 Sr Ca 61 crustal thickness 61 deglaciation 61 palaeo 61 benthic foraminifera 61 strontium isotope 60 Paleogene 60 interannual variability 60 sedimentary layers 60 ocean basins 60 Appy Sluijs 60 interglacial periods 60 Permian Triassic boundary 60 Last Glacial Maximum 59 paleoenvironmental 59 Ordovician 59 Cenozoic era 59 faunas 59 marine sediments 59 megadroughts 59 Ediacaran 59 Cambrian Period 59 paleoecology 59 subseafloor 59 megafaunal 58 seabed sediments 58 Ice Ages 58 flood basalts 58 Ediacara 58 sedimentological 58 sediments deposited 58 biogeographical 58 Cryogenian 58 Archaean 58 seafloor sediments 58 forams 58 cratons 58 Permian Triassic 58 basaltic rocks 58 biogeographic 58 Late Miocene 58 Paleozoic Era 58 lowermost mantle 58 Middle Pleistocene 57 temporal variability 57 cosmogenic 57 Permo Triassic 57 layered ultramafic 57 Late Cretaceous 57 oxygen isotope ratios 57 Palaeo 57 Cretaceous Paleogene boundary 57 geomorphological 57 tropospheric temperature 57 Kermadec Arc 57 benthos 57 Carboniferous 57 isotopic compositions 57 oligotrophic 57 surface temperatures SSTs 57 Oligocene epoch 57 glacial interglacial cycles 57 δ 57 terrestrial vertebrates 57 Late Devonian 56 Cretaceous Paleogene 56 ocean sediment cores 56 Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum 56 SN #/#/# [002] 56 magmas 56 atmospheric oceanic 56 glacial interglacial 56 isotopic ratios 56 Eocene epoch 56 Mg Ca 56 coastal upwelling 56 Cenozoic Era 56 Triassic Jurassic 56 Neanderthal extinction 56 isotope composition 56 depositional 56 sulfur isotopes 56 evaporite 56 multi decadal 56 subglacial 56 spatial variability 56 Late Paleozoic 56 Crustal 56 Pliocene 56 isotopic signatures 56 tectonically 56 glacial cycles 56 spatial scales 56 animal phyla 56 Snowball Earth 56 Middle Paleolithic 56 rifting 56 interglacial period 55 mantle convection 55 magnetic substorms 55 geological strata 55 oceanic circulation 55 glaciations 55 Gondwanan 55 hydrothermal fluid 55 Sedimentary rocks 55 interannual 55 carbon isotopes 55 depositional environment 55 tectonic plate movements 55 cosmic ray intensity 55 erosional 55 oxygen isotope 55 Tertiary Period 55 biogeochemical cycles 55 paleoclimate 55 volcanism 55 sedimentary deposits 55 Late Pleistocene 55 ocean eddies 55 diatom species 55 interglacials 55 sunspot cycles 55 Noachian 55 Subarctic 55 sulfidic 55 forcings 55 speleothems 55 isotopic 55 biogeography 55 Quaternary 55 palaeoclimate 55 chlorophyll concentrations 55 phytoplankton biomass 55 Early Cretaceous 55 marine biota 55 radiogenic 55 previously unstudied 55 geodynamic 55 biogeochemical processes 54 ecoregions 54 coccolithophores 54 Hadean 54 Seafloor 54 Maastrichtian 54 Palaeocene Eocene Thermal Maximum 54 volcanic caldera 54 paleoclimatologists 54 Cretaceous periods 54 multidecadal 54 Cambrian Explosion 54 Noachian era 54 glaciation 54 Radiocarbon 54 siliciclastic 54 methane seeps 54 radiocarbon dated 54 Gakkel Ridge 54 magmatic 54 oxygen isotopic composition 54 Quaternary Period 54 metazoan 54 mammal fossils 54 sedimentology 54 foreland 54 Hydrothermal vents 54 Mesozoic 54 metamorphism 54 Cretaceous Tertiary boundary 54 komatiitic 54 IR spectra 54 Fig. 1b 54 glaciers retreated 54 refugia 54 abundances 54 Permian extinction 54 altitudinal 54 conodonts 54 carbonate sediments 54 coeval 54 terrestrial ecosystems 54 Jurassic Cretaceous 54 Earth biosphere 54 terrestrial biosphere 54 oxygen isotopic 54 GtC 54 multicellular animals 54 phreatic 54 tropospheric 54 cosmic ray flux 54 isotope fractionation 54 fossilized pollen 54 Upper Miocene 54 Orogeny 54 intraplate 53 crustal 53 lavas 53 phylogeographic 53 Holocene 53 Paleocene 53 Eocene Epoch 53 multi celled 53 faunal 53 basalts 53 grabens 53 ostracods 53 BIFs 53 hydrosphere 53 Geochemistry 53 Upper Palaeolithic 53 ecotypes 53 periodicities 53 Late Triassic 53 compressional 53 geological epoch 53 iceberg calving 53 Permian Period 53 geology hydrology 53 Paleoclimate 53 microbialites 53 decadal variability 53 mya 53 boreal regions 53 Amundsen Sea 53 Palaeozoic 53 Ediacaran Period 53 Middle Jurassic 53 Outcrops 53 mammal extinctions 53 radiative transfer 53 structural lineaments 53 paleoclimatology 53 Zalasiewicz 53 interglacial 53 mid Pliocene 53 ocean ridges 53 U Th 53 sulphidic 53 isotherms 53 midlatitude 53 geologic 53 Great Oxidation Event 53 hydrothermal activity 53 bathymetry 53 Prochlorococcus 53 biosignatures 53 terranes 53 Milankovitch 53 Chicxulub impact 53 cyclicity 53 Mesozoic era 53 isotope ratios 53 El Nino Southern Oscillation 53 subpolar 53 lacustrine 53 airglow 53 Precambrian 53 isotopic composition 53 Triassic Period 53 Extinctions 53 brittle deformation 53 explosive volcanism 53 lakebed sediments 53 cave stalagmites 53 continental drift 53 poleward 53 equatorial latitudes 53 Younger Dryas 53 giant squid Architeuthis 53 morphologies 53 supervolcanoes 52 reef corals 52 midlatitudes 52 C4 grasses 52 Cambrian explosion 52 mammal lineages 52 Fossae 52 coral skeletons 52 metazoans 52 Navajo Sandstone 52 marine ecologists 52 Upper Paleolithic 52 Yellowstone caldera 52 heterogeneities 52 aragonite 52 climatic variability 52 Lophelia 52 Bellingshausen Sea 52 Tharsis Rise 52 vegetation greenness 52 Eocene 52 hydrothermal vent 52 Miocene epoch 52 Hydrothermal 52 Southern Oscillation 52 Toba eruption 52 Isotopic 52 Late Jurassic 52 Paleocene Eocene 52 ancient supercontinent 52 deformational 52 oceanic 52 chemosynthetic 52 ultramafic intrusives 52 geodynamics 52 continental rifting 52 ophiolite 52 silicic 52 Syrtis Major 52 Devonian Period 52 physiographic 52 vesper bats 52 Hominid 52 microscopic phytoplankton 52 basaltic magma 52 McMurdo Dry Valleys 52 peridotites 52 southern supercontinent 52 Ediacara organisms 52 Siberian Traps 52 hydrologic cycle 52 peridotitic 52 Middle Miocene 52 Envisat ASAR 52 landforms 52 microbial mats 52 abyssal 52 paleochannel 52 microhabitats 52 Jakobshavn Isbrae 52 diffusion coefficients 52 hydrothermal venting 52 teleconnections 52 climate forcings 52 sub glacial lakes 52 SSTs 52 Eocene Oligocene 52 Raman spectra 51 thermal gradients 51 Fram Strait 51 calderas 51 geothermal gradient 51 pillow lavas 51 protists 51 planktonic 51 Blaire Van Valkenburgh 51 Amundsen Sea Embayment 51 molluscan 51 oxygen isotopes 51 Hominids 51 Antarctic Circumpolar Current 51 oceanic crust 51 temperature gradients 51 downwelling 51 mud volcanoes 51 evaporite deposits 51 mantle plumes 51 atmospheric CO2 levels 51 trilobites 51 Middle Eocene 51 anomalously warm 51 Upper Triassic 51 volcanic arcs 51 lithosphere 51 SST anomalies 51 yr -1 51 Cambrian Ordovician 51 carboniferous 51 Gondwana supercontinent 51 Jurassic Period 51 anthropogenic CO 51 turbidites 51 tiny single celled 51 volcanic ridges 51 Felsic 51 granitoids 51 glacial geology 51 elevational 51 radiometric dating 51 stratigraphic sequence 51 Aptian 51 evaporite minerals 51 Antarctic Dry Valleys 51 unicellular organisms 51 claystone 51 Pleistocene 51 wandering albatrosses 51 atmospheric circulations 51 radiocarbon dates 51 crustal rocks 51 oceanic trenches 51 tectonic movements 51 Doushantuo Formation 51 dynamical processes 51 Paleozoic era 51 bonebed 51 Carboniferous Period 51 Upper Carboniferous 51 submarine volcanoes 51 Eemian 51 Oligocene 51 benthic invertebrates 51 geosphere 51 seafloor sediment 51 Weddell seals 51 ignimbrite 51 Earths crust 51 coolings 51 glacial landforms 51 relative abundances 51 CO2 fluxes 51 dolomites 51 sedimentary sequences 51 Ontario Lacus 51 plate tectonics 51 tropopause 51 Upper Jurassic 51 basalt flows 51 Medieval Warm 51 Paleozoic sedimentary 51 biospheric 51 Sumatra Andaman earthquake 51 glaciers receded 51 microbial ecosystems 51 stratospheric ozone depletion 51 placental mammals 51 martian meteorites 51 Ordovician extinction 51 Cenomanian 51 Miocene Epoch 51 El Niño Southern Oscillation 51 temperature reconstructions 51 adsorbate 51 fossilized creatures 51 atmospheric methane 51 Fig. 4A 51 Brigham Grette 51 Paleozoic 51 vertebrate fossils 51 Precambrian rocks 51 meridional overturning circulation 51 Pleistocene epoch 51 undersea volcanoes 51 angiosperms 51 Cretaceous 50 boreal ecosystems 50 melt inclusions 50 predator prey interactions 50 deep convective clouds 50 taxa 50 Homo sapiens evolved 50 floristic 50 atmospheric CO2 concentration 50 Ichthyostega 50 KT boundary 50 Sheet WAIS 50 abyssal plain 50 Cretaceous Period 50 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation AMO 50 volcanic plumes 50 fossils unearthed 50 komatiites 50 Otto Bliesner 50 glacial retreat 50 igneous rocks 50 Darwin finches 50 Geosphere 50 proton proton 50 fine grained sediment 50 fig. S1 50 phyllosilicate 50 Pleistocene Epoch 50 humans Homo sapiens 50 ferric oxides 50 Indian Ocean Dipole 50 ramidus 50 anamensis 50 Proterozoic 50 paleo 50 Seismicity 50 tectonic 50 seismogenic 50 sedimentary strata 50 Milankovitch cycles 50 post perovskite 50 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 50 morphological similarities 50 aeolian 50 neutrino experiments 50 ENSO cycle 50 tyrannosaurids 50 Volcanism 50 foraminifera 50 epistasis 50 latitudinal 50 evolutionary trajectories 50 bioavailable iron 50 megathrust earthquake 50 spatially resolved 50 accretionary 50 Palaeocene 50 bony fishes 50 geochemists 50 Mistaken Point 50 cherts 50 diatom 50 ontogenetic 50 geomicrobiology 50 underwater volcanoes 50 Messinian 50 substorm 50 coral Acropora 50 Agulhas Current 50 aerosol concentrations 50 planetary magnetospheres 50 nuclides 50 extrusive 50 magnetic susceptibility 50 gyres 50 depositional environments 50 lobe finned fish 50 Hosgri Fault 50 sulfur isotope 50 olivine rich 50 tropical latitudes 50 carbon isotope ratios 50 NEAs 50 sediments 50 meridional flow 50 colliding tectonic plates 50 sediment cores 50 Laramidia 50 Pre Cambrian 50 climatic variations 50 supercontinents 50 megadrought 50 biomineralization 50 Mercury magnetosphere 50 Middle Devonian 50 southern latitudes 50 NASA satellites orbiting 50 megafauna 50 Cosmic Microwave Background 50 biogenic 50 B Chromitite 50 H. habilis 50 Galapagos finches 50 Cosmological 50 hydrological cycle 50 sulfide deposits 50 asthenosphere 50 lake sediments 50 chondritic meteorites 50 Gondwanaland 50 hominid evolution 50 basinal 50 oceanic lithosphere 50 climate modellers 50 marine invertebrates 50 phylogenetics 50 geologies 50 volcaniclastics 50 lithospheric 50 lunar magma 50 Magellanic Stream 50 Computer simulations 50 Moho 50 dwelling organisms 50 Schellart 50 molecular phylogenetic 50 calcic 50 olivines 50 paleobiologists 50 abyssal plains 50 Orcus Patera 50 warm interglacial periods 50 Stratigraphy 50 coevolution 50 lunar meteorites 50 predator prey dynamics 50 Dry Valleys 49 bryozoans 49 Martian dunes 49 hydrocarbon reservoirs 49 hydrothermally 49 subglacial lakes 49 solar irradiance 49 poleward shift 49 fossilisation 49 auroral activity 49 geomagnetic 49 Madden Julian Oscillation 49 Supplementary Table 49 advection 49 iridium layer 49 eolian 49 brachiopods 49 satellite altimetry 49 ignimbrites 49 tectonic activity 49 Holocene epoch 49 evolutionary origins 49 barometric pressures 49 polar mesospheric clouds 49 quantum criticality 49 polychaete worms 49 Cretaceous extinction 49 eclogite 49 volcanic aerosols 49 Sepkoski 49 warm interglacial 49 primitive organisms 49 Woolly mammoths 49 fission fusion 49 Nectocaris 49 phylogenies 49 reaction kinetics 49 Pliocene epoch 49 oceanic currents 49 Mariana Arc 49 basaltic lava 49 biogeochemical cycling 49 fossilized footprints 49 morphological 49 Transantarctic Mountains 49 Speciation 49 Burgess Shale 49 subarctic 49 axial tilt 49 Plate tectonics 49 Mesoproterozoic 49 Biogeography 49 anticlines 49 Subglacial 49 morphologically distinct 49 Arabia Terra 49 smectite 49 Cretaceous Tertiary KT 49 Palaeozoic sedimentary 49 Schmittner 49 craton 49 planetary surfaces 49 copepod 49 Nankai Trough 49 Hellas Basin 49 SeaWiFS 49 atmospheric CO 49 Myr 49 lightless depths 49 comet nuclei 49 dinoflagellate 49 polar latitudes 49 lobe finned fishes 49 baryon acoustic oscillations 49 radar interferometry 49 archosaurs 49 reef habitats 49 petrological 49 Phylogenetic 49 Acanthostega 49 outcropping mineralized 49 hominid fossil 49 magnetic polarity 49 spodumene bearing 49 Puijila 49 plankton blooms 49 spatio temporal 49 terrestrial mammals 49 supercontinent Pangaea 49 evolutionary lineages 49 carbonaceous shales 49 zonation 49 geomorphic 49 subsurface geology 49 silica carbonate 49 scale invariance 49 meteor impacts 49 disappearing glaciers 49 Neoproterozoic era 49 hydrological cycles 49 atmospheric aerosol 49 Saturnian 49 volcanic basalt 49 temperate latitudes 49 shear modulus 49 tides currents 49 geological timescales 49 Fe Mg 49 Stegodon 49 phytoplankton populations 49 cyanobacterial blooms 49 ilmenites 49 large oceanic plateaus 49 chondrites 49 avian dinosaurs 49 Keeling Curve 49 ostracodes 49 mineralogical composition 49 mineralized mafic 49 cretaceous 49 crocodiles turtles 49 solar corona 49 thrust faulting 49 basaltic 49 #ppb gold 49 autotrophic 49 mass extinctions 49 coral calcification 49 interstellar dust grains 49 prehistoric 49 THEMIS Image 49 amphibolite facies 49 Plate Tectonics 49 dacitic 49 fearsome Tyrannosaurus rex 49 glaciological 49 anisotropy 49 Polar Regions 49 geomorphology 49 silty limestone 49 pygmy mammoth 49 Loihi 49 Cretaceous Tertiary 49 Pleistocene Age 49 Norris Geyser Basin 49 Anthony Barnosky 49 Pacific Decadal Oscillation PDO 49 Sticklebacks 49 eukaryote 49 lunar highlands 49 teleost fish 49 ° C warmer 49 meridional 49 single celled microorganisms 49 polar vortex 49 prokaryotes 49 rafted debris 49 element osmium 49 crinoid 49 extinct mammals 49 geoelectric 49 tropical glaciers 49 CMB radiation 49 elemental composition 49 ductile deformation 49 magma chambers 49 chlorophyll fluorescence 49 Sesia Valley 49 lunar crust 49 Phenology 49 Atlantic meridional overturning 48 calving glaciers 48 lobate scarps 48 Balarat Project 48 porosity permeability 48 biotopes 48 magnetite alteration 48 Castorocauda 48 nebular 48 supervolcano eruption 48 oceanic islands 48 diffusivity 48 diabase dike 48 cinder cones 48 chromitite layers 48 Fe Mn 48 braincase 48 Vertebrates 48 hominoids 48 Lake Yoa 48 chlorine monoxide 48 cetaceans whales dolphins 48 planet Gliese #c 48 Diatoms 48 otolith 48 geological timescale 48 NDVI 48 Quaternary Science Reviews 48 Laurasia 48 magnetic monopoles 48 alpine glaciers 48 clastic sediments 48 redox sensitive 48 placentals 48 gravity anomalies 48 Trilobites 48 methane burps 48 invertebrate animals 48 Jurassic Triassic 48 gravitational redshift 48 Cretaceous Jurassic 48 gabbro dykes 48 Fig. 1A 48 circumstellar 48 Ca2 48 heliospheric 48 spectroscopic analysis 48 crinoids 48 Mercury exosphere 48 Sumatra Andaman 48 volcanic vents 48 primitive meteorites 48 Neanderthal skeletons 48 Laurentide Ice Sheet 48 terrestrial vertebrate 48 orogenic 48 infrared spectral 48 sedimentary 48 genes differentially expressed 48 radar altimetry 48 lava tubes 48 Geologically speaking 48 Mammuthus 48 Anthropogenic 48 ecoregion 48 mtDNA sequence 48 Phenotypic 48 Alpine Fault 48 Current Warm Period 48 hypersaline 48 microfossil 48 Adélie penguins 48 orbital eccentricity 48 loess 48 Pacific Decadal Oscillation 48 flatfishes 48 TrES 4 48 sunlike stars 48 warmings 48 eco toxicological 48 Seamounts 48 intrusive breccias 48 Mass Extinction 48 orogenic gold deposits 48 bilaterians 48 muskoxen 48 dinosaur specimens 48 Pseudo nitzschia 48 quartz feldspar porphyries 48 spectroscopic measurements 48 Anomalous 48 single celled yeast 48 mantle lithosphere 48 Sarahsaurus 48 multipartite entanglement 48 Paranthropus robustus 48 thermal diffusivity 48 subarctic regions 48 Surface Temperature 48 carnivore species 48 Yellowstone geysers 48 isotopic signature 48 evapo transpiration 48 Rossby waves 48 supercontinent 48 photosphere 48 continental crust 48 phytoplankton bloom 48 H. erectus 48 metasomatic 48 methanogenic 48 multicellular 48 stellar occultations 48 diatoms 48 Paleoindian 48 biogeochemistry 48 prebiotic soup 48 planetary atmospheres 48 Nikku Madhusudhan 48 proton decay 48 Carbonaceous 48 Late Cretaceous Period 48 phytoplankton blooms 48 Neanderthals interbred 48 Gamma ray 48 asymptotic 48 Tibetan Plateau 48 sequestering CO2 48 andesite flows 48 Interglacial 48 neutrino oscillation 48 Martian meteorite 48 previously undescribed 48 bimodal distribution 48 Gigantopithecus 48 microfossils 48 Climatic 48 Mauna Loa Observatory 48 single celled microbes 48 heterotrophic 48 megaquakes 48 metamorphic rocks 48 felsic intrusions 48 Sturtian 48 carbon fluxes 48 ellipsoids 48 carbonaceous chondrites 48 Lengai 48 Bose Einstein condensation 48 dextral 48 ornithischians 48 circum Pacific 48 stratospheric clouds 48 evolutionary lineage 48 anticyclonic 48 Gamma ray burst 48 headwater stream 48 Dinosaur Species 48 seafloors 48 solar nebula 48 crystallites 48 Kasatochi volcano 48 Plesiosaurs 48 Marge Vein 48 Triassic formations 48 Sphagnum 48 Woese 48 sedimentary basins 48 anthropogenic carbon dioxide 48 Yellowstone Caldera 48 Pleistocene Ice Age 48 inhomogeneities 48 Laurentide ice sheet 48 Snake River Plain 48 millimeter wavelengths 48 ppbv 48 NASA QuikScat satellite 48 magnon 48 alpine ecosystems 48 subaqueous 48 magnetic excitations 48 tectonic uplift 48 Magellanic 48 Deccan eruptions 48 Nasca Lines 48 Warmer oceans 48 crystalline solids 48 spookfish 48 Sinus Meridiani 48 physico chemical 48 basal sandstone 48 cirrus cloud 48 methanogenesis 48 silicate mantle 48 collisional 48 Climatic Optimum 48 karst limestone 48 refugium 48 thermal vents 48 molecular phylogeny 48 ° #'N 48 evolvability 48 anthropogenic warming 48 Zootaxa 48 seafloor habitats 48 Axel Heiberg Island 48 nitrogen isotope 48 phenological 48 magnetospheric 47 biotite rich 47 silicified zone 47 Gamburtsev 47 systematics 47 punctuated equilibrium 47 geoid 47 Tawa hallae 47 single celled algae 47 detrital 47 island biogeography 47 alkalic 47 placental mammal 47 Mio Pliocene 47 jovian 47 amphipods 47 lapilli 47 olivine crystals 47 subducting plate 47 geophysically 47 Morphology 47 Planitia 47 reef fishes 47 abiotic 47 asteroid impacts 47 andesitic volcanics 47 ULIRGs 47 Triassic 47 springtime ozone