Related by context. All words. (Click for frequent words.) 63 Ottoman rule 62 Ottoman Caliphate 61 Abbasid Empire 61 Hashemite monarchy 60 Abbasids 59 imamate 59 Abbasid Caliphate 59 Caliphates 58 Pahlavi dynasty 58 Ottoman imperial 57 Fatimids 57 monarchic rule 57 Ottoman empire 57 Safavid Empire 57 Reza Shah 57 caliphs 56 Ba'ath regime 56 Imamate 56 caliphates 56 tyrannical rule 56 Safavid dynasty 56 hereditary monarchy 55 Ottoman Empire 55 Sultan Moulay Ismail 55 Baathist dictatorship 55 Ummayad 55 Abbasid dynasty 55 Habsburg Empire 55 feudal monarchy 55 Al Sauds 55 Qajar dynasty 55 medieval theocracy 55 Sassanids 55 Ottoman Empires 54 colonial empires 54 Ba'athist dictatorship 54 Safavids 54 Antiochus IV 54 Abbasid caliph 54 despotic rule 54 Abbasid 54 Byzantine empire 54 feudal serfdom 54 absolutist monarchy 54 Turkish Ottoman empire 53 Ottoman conquest 53 issuing religious edicts 53 Seleucid Empire 53 Ottoman dynasty 53 Ottoman Turks conquered 53 Gen Ziaul Haq 53 Ba'athism 53 Persian empires 53 Shi'ite theocracy 53 repressive theocracy 53 Umayyads 53 Khomeinism 52 theocratic dictatorship 52 Mameluke 52 Sunnism 52 Reza Shah Pahlavi 52 Roman emperor Theodosius 52 Assyrian empire 52 Taef agreement 52 Umayyad 52 Ottoman sultanate 52 conquered Constantinople 52 Abbasid caliphate 52 Kemalist ideology 52 autocratic monarchy 52 Abbasid caliphs 52 dhimmi status 52 fundamentalist theocracy 52 hereditary monarchies 52 Ottomans 52 Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople 52 Seljuks 52 Ottoman 52 Maccabean Revolt 52 Meiji Restoration 52 arabization 52 Nasserism 52 Seljuk Empire 51 monarchial 51 Umayyad Caliphate 51 Babylonian empire 51 Ottoman Turkish 51 Pan Islamism 51 Shia theocracy 51 Mahdist 51 Taif Agreement 51 Saddam Hussein Ba'ath Party 51 dictator Ziaul Haq 51 Hudood ordinances 51 Minority Sunni Arabs 51 absolute monarchs 51 Taef accord 51 Ba'th party 51 brutally repressive 51 JUAN COLE Well 51 Hashemite dynasty 51 Baathist tyranny 51 hegemonies 51 colonial yoke 51 Islamic Khilafah 51 Takfiris 51 Clan rivalries 51 warrior Saladin 51 Zaydi 51 feudalistic 51 Derg regime 51 dictator Siad Barre 51 sultanates 51 Seleucids 51 Mohammad Reza Shah 50 BAKSAL 50 ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 50 Islamic Caliphate 50 Rana oligarchy 50 monarchy 50 Mongol invasion 50 Saddam Hussein Baathist 50 theocracy 50 Seljuk era 50 Caliphate 50 Ba'th regime 50 pluralistic democratic 50 Mongol invasions 50 monarchies 50 Seljuk Turks 50 Khomeinist regime 50 Caliphs 50 Mughal empire 50 Saddamist 50 Meccan 50 Islamist caliphate 50 theocratic regimes 50 theocratic 50 Al Khalifa dynasty 50 Shiastan 50 Mohamed Siyad Barre 50 Shah Reza Pahlavi 50 Austro Hungarian empires 50 Seljuk 50 staunchly secular 50 militants overran 50 Shi'te 50 Ba'th Party 50 constitutional monarchy 50 Kandyan Kingdom 50 secular republic 50 Sassanid Empire 50 vassalage 50 Soeharto regime 50 Umayyad dynasty 50 Saddam Baathist regime 50 totalitarian dictatorships 50 Saddamism 50 Khalifas 49 Mamluks 49 Pan Arabism 49 revolutionaries overthrew 49 tyrannical dictators 49 Elchibey 49 dictatorship 49 Allawite 49 Ba'athist regime 49 constitution enshrining 49 velayat e faqih 49 Byzantines 49 Khilafah 49 ruthlessly suppressing 49 confessionalism 49 Mussolini Fascists 49 Saddam Husein 49 Ba'thist regime 49 Hashemite regime 49 bourgeois revolutions 49 Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 49 monarchical rule 49 Babylonian Empire 49 oppressive theocracy 49 Duvalier dictatorships 49 Tokugawa Shogunate 49 Kemal Ataturk 49 rump Yugoslavia 49 de Ba'athification 49 al Masaari 49 theocratic regime 49 Glorious Revolution 49 Ba'thist 49 Babylonian Captivity 49 twelfth Imam 49 Khomeini revolution 49 Habsburg empire 49 Sunni Shi'a 49 shah Mohammad Reza 49 Baathism 49 Sunnites 49 Parthians 49 re Baathification 49 repressive totalitarian 49 Soviet domination 49 Manchu dynasty 49 imperial dynasties 49 Baath regime 49 Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 49 Saddam Hussein iron fisted 49 Ottoman Sultan 49 Khilafat Movement 49 imperial dynasty 49 Gorbachev perestroika 49 Malay sultanate 49 caliphate 48 Manchu Dynasty 48 Sumerian civilizations 48 ministate 48 Omayyad 48 Medinan 48 Manchus 48 Tsarist regime 48 Objectives Resolution 48 Khomeinists 48 Communist dictatorships 48 Oslo Agreements 48 bureaucratic oligarchy 48 bicameral parliament 48 Muhammad ibn Abd al 48 al Sauds 48 diarchy 48 General Zia Ul 48 Mughal Empire 48 Ottoman Sultans 48 Muhammad Zia ul 48 fractious coalitions 48 Khomeinist revolution 48 Lenin Bolsheviks 48 pan Arabism 48 Caliph Yazid 48 feudal dynasty 48 ardent secularist 48 absolute monarchies 48 Ottoman sultans 48 Allawi secular Shi'ite 48 Sheik Emad Ghurtani 48 Zaidi imamate 48 Kádár 48 separatist rebellions 48 ancien régime 48 jurisconsult 48 ancien regime 48 Yazidis Shabaks 48 monarchism 48 medievalism 48 Babrak Karmal 48 bloodless revolt 48 communist dictatorships 48 pan Turkism 48 Seleucid 48 atheist Soviet Union 48 rigidly secular 48 Muhammad Siyad Barre 48 feudalism 48 Hashemites 48 Kemalist elite 48 Muslim Bosnians 48 monarchical 48 imam hatip schools 48 wilayat al 48 Emperor Justinian 48 Multiparty democracy 48 patriarchies 48 Monarchical 48 autocracy 48 Imam Yahya 48 Barzanis 48 Shi'a clerics 48 Protestant reformation 48 Shi'ah 47 Bonapartist 47 Kharijites 47 Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq 47 Tanzimat 47 Rashid Rida 47 faqih 47 Islamicisation 47 dictatorial rule 47 Bengali nationalism 47 Hasmonean dynasty 47 Kemalist establishment 47 overthrew dictator 47 Roman Byzantine 47 Alp Arslan 47 clerically 47 Kemalism 47 OHAL 47 Sultan Mehmed II 47 patriarchal 47 proconsul Paul 47 Stalinist regimes 47 Roman Emperor Theodosius 47 Islamized 47 hereditary aristocracy 47 Habsburg monarchy 47 Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh 47 Warlords overthrew longtime 47 Turcoman 47 Khomenei 47 theocracies 47 Sykes Picot Agreement 47 Ottoman sultan 47 Shiaa 47 Byzantine Empire 47 parliamentarianism 47 pluralist democratic 47 Turkism 47 Kemal Atatürk 47 Yasser Arafat PLO 47 Sunnite 47 semi feudal 47 Umayyad caliph 47 Caliph Omar 47 Taef Agreement 47 Arameans 47 dhimmitude 47 Gen. Suharto 47 Ziaul Haq 47 multicandidate presidential elections 47 atheistic communist regime 47 Kemalists 47 Ottoman empires 47 sigheh 47 republic Yugoslav federation 47 shogunate 47 Islamicate 47 Mosaddeq 47 hardline clerical 47 Islamic caliphate 47 feudal 47 Sykes Picot agreement 47 Achaemenid Empire 47 colonial occupier 47 Ottoman rulers 47 Mughal rulers 47 sahwa 47 ruthlessly repressed 47 Hasmoneans 47 minority Alawite 47 centrifugal tendencies 47 Khalifa dynasty 47 Imam Hussein revered 47 Twelver 47 Ghannoushi 47 clericalism 47 Shiite sects 47 Kamal Ataturk 47 Pol Pot genocidal 47 ethnic cleansings 47 Sassanid dynasty 47 Barelvis 47 Islamising 47 landlordism 47 Ummayad dynasty 46 prime minister Mohammed Mossadegh 46 Hudood Ordinances 46 Taif Accords 46 Mongol invaders 46 Shia Arabs 46 religious toleration 46 Tito Yugoslavia 46 Ly Dynasty 46 feudal oligarchic 46 umma 46 Shi'ia 46 deBaathification 46 barbarian invasions 46 polytheistic religion 46 monoculturalism 46 Judeo Christian civilization 46 Assyrian Empire 46 hereditary ruler 46 fratricidal strife 46 Buddhist theocracy 46 Sauds 46 Gulf sheikhdoms 46 Hellenized 46 criminalizing adultery 46 al Aqsa intifada 46 warlords toppled dictator 46 hereditary monarchs 46 Austro Hungarian empire 46 Nasserite 46 Hussein Ba'ath Party 46 headscarfs 46 tsarist regime 46 Murtala Obasanjo 46 e faqih 46 Khomeinist 46 Arabistan 46 Iskandar Mirza 46 reconquest 46 Ptolemaic 46 Animist south 46 brutal dictatorship 46 autocrat Hosni Mubarak 46 Pahlavis 46 Zaydis 46 Soviet totalitarianism 46 Christian reconquest 46 gerontocracy 46 Rightly Guided 46 Babylonian captivity 46 Hulagu 46 patriarchal attitudes 46 Fundamentalist Muslims 46 Ottoman Empire collapsed 46 Sultan Abdulhamid II 46 Peacock Throne 46 overlordship 46 shi'ite 46 Sultanates 46 brutally oppressed 46 Gen Zia 46 Islamic revivalism 46 Shah Pahlavi 46 Serb strongman Slobodan 46 Judaeo 46 Nimeiry 46 Sevres Treaty 46 Intifadas 46 Sayyid Abul 46 Tsarist Russia 46 interwar period 46 Dayton accords 46 Previous truces 46 protectorate 46 Janissaries 46 Epiphanes 46 Lebanonization 46 Augusto Pinochet dictatorship 46 Fatimid 46 Rightly Guided Caliphs 46 oppressive patriarchal 46 monarch Mohammad Reza 46 Franco dictatorship 46 aristocracies 46 Islamic theocracy 46 Al Khalifas 46 pax Americana 46 tyrannical dictatorships 46 Zionist colonization 46 King Antiochus 46 Velayat e faqih 46 Athenian democracy 46 Extremist Sunnis 46 hardline Taleban 46 Mikhail Gorbachev perestroika 46 semiautonomy 46 Sokoto Caliphate 46 Taif accord 46 Persian Empire 46 Byzantine eras 46 Nimeiri 46 feudal serf system 46 Arian heresy 46 Islamdom 46 Nouri Badran 46 elder statesman Adnan Pachachi 46 Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan 46 Militant Islamism 46 suzerainty 46 Ottoman Turk 46 issued fatwa condemning 46 autocracies 46 Soviet occupiers 46 de baathification 46 legalized racial segregation 46 Shia sects 46 Shi'ites Kurds 46 Gen Yahya 46 Judeo Christian traditions 46 Meiji restoration 46 imperialist ambitions 46 Milosevic ouster 46 shari'ah 46 Visigothic 46 Abbasid era 46 Dergue 45 Shia Moslems 45 Haj Amin Husseini 45 Shia sect 45 Milosevic autocratic 45 Assad Baath Party 45 invaded East Timor 45 Qajar 45 avowedly secular 45 President Maaoya Sid'Ahmed 45 Wahabis 45 monarchic 45 Austro Hungary 45 Mongol conquerors 45 communist totalitarianism 45 Yugoslavia imploded 45 multiconfessional 45 imperial domination 45 Semitic religions 45 strict Wahhabi interpretation 45 Badr Brigade Shiite 45 Syria Alawite 45 ruler Mohammed Siad 45 Khawarij 45 theocratic fascism 45 monarchial rule 45 secular 45 Romans Byzantines 45 robber baron era 45 gondola styled 45 militarily intervened 45 Shi'ism 45 Constantinian 45 exacerbate sectarian tensions 45 Pyotr Stolypin prime minister 45 Shiite reprisal killings 45 Gen Zia ul 45 Antoninus Pius 45 Tsarist Empire 45 Kemalist 45 Mohammed Zia ul 45 majoritarianism 45 egalitarian societies 45 secular Turks 45 Palestinian Ameircan 45 atheistic Communism 45 Mohammed Reza Pahlevi 45 Gen. Alfredo Stroessner 45 Magen Abraham 45 Ottoman yoke 45 Mustapha Kemal Ataturk 45 ethno nationalist 45 reconquered 45 harsh crackdowns 45 despotism 45 hereditary aristocrats 45 pagan temple 45 Fatahland 45 Persian empire 45 Islamist fundamentalism 45 harshly suppressed 45 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 45 statelets 45 headscarved women 45 autarchy 45 bloody purges 45 alarmed secularists 45 Khmer Rouge genocidal 45 jurisprudent 45 disintegrating Yugoslavia 45 Islamic ummah 45 unelected clerics 45 Monarchies 45 Kushitic 45 despotic rulers 45 oppressed Shi'ite 45 Sassanian 45 dictator Enver Hoxha 45 Ottoman Empire crumbled 45 Bonapartism 45 pan Islamic caliphate 45 monarchy abolished 45 Mustafa Kemal Pasha 45 Hapsburg dynasty 45 demo cracy 45 dictator Mohammed Siad 45 Babylonian king 45 debaathification 45 laic 45 Banisadr 45 Shura Consultative Council 45 oriental despotism 45 Khomeni 45 postcommunist 45 dictators Francois Papa 45 Émile Lahoud 45 caliph 45 Kurds Turkomans 45 Grimaldi dynasty 45 Takfir wa Hijra 45 creeping Islamization 45 Islamic Shariaa 45 Timurid 45 protectorates 45 Assad autocratic 45 Mehmed II 45 Prithvi Narayan Shah 45 Aelia Capitolina 45 Monophysitic 45 Shi'i 45 Vested Property Act 45 Ayatollah Khomeni 45 Chaldeans Assyrians 45 longtime dictator Suharto 45 Tarikat 45 Byzantine empires 45 predecessor Mohammad Khatami 45 savagely repressed 45 unicameral parliament 45 velayat 45 states righters 45 Pahlavi monarchy 45 Quraysh tribe 45 tyrrany 45 Turkey Mustafa Kemal 45 iron fisted regime 45 Antiochus 45 Maronite Christians 45 Moghul emperor 45 Toppling Saddam Hussein 45 governates 45 Siyad Barre 45 Hosni Mobarak 45 democratically inclined 45 Communist Party PKI 45 Khmer Empire 45 Baath Socialist Party 45 al Mutawakkil 45 assassinated Sadat 45 patriarchal traditions 45 fascist regimes 45 utter lawlessness 45 Parthia 45 colonial domination 45 Nasser Sadat 45 armed insurrections 45 autocratic rule 45 despotisms 45 Islamicized 45 Ayyubid 45 Hellenistic era 45 Genocide Trial Resumes 45 Hareth al Dhari 45 imperial overlords 45 Isaaq clan 45 Ceausescu regime 45 Emperor Theodosius 45 Burhan Ghalioun 44 assassinated Anwar Sadat 44 republic Mustafa Kemal 44 Gama'a al Islamiya 44 President Émile Lahoud 44 Ba'thists 44 dictator Ayub Khan 44 pluralistic polity 44 feudal autocracy 44 Shi'ites Sunnis Kurds 44 Nakba catastrophe 44 General Ziaul Haq 44 Khaleefah 44 Haj Amin 44 intifada uprising 44 Sufism mystical 44 democratically constituted 44 dictatorial regime 44 feudal aristocracy 44 Pashtun nationalists 44 Caste discrimination 44 Col Qaddafi 44 feudal oppression 44 Mongol hordes 44 predecessor Saparmurat Niyazov 44 enosis 44 Hapsburg Empire 44 multiethnic multireligious 44 Arabs Turkmens 44 viceroys 44 Ba'ath 44 Gosakuramachi 44 Minister Ijaz ul 44 creeping Islamisation 44 strongman Soeharto 44 Saddam Arabisation 44 régimes 44 Carnation Revolution 44 politician Salama Khafaji 44 republic 44 Faili Kurds 44 hardliner Ahmadinejad 44 polytheistic 44 Hussein Baath Party 44 overthrew Saddam Hussein 44 racially motivated coups 44 régime 44 Soulbury Constitution 44 hereditary monarch 44 Wahhabi extremists 44 Japan invaded Manchuria 44 Mandatory Palestine 44 militantly secular 44 rejectionist stance 44 internecine conflict 44 primogeniture 44 Mehdi Bazargan 44 ailing emir 44 dynastic rule 44 absolute monarchy 44 thirteenth century 44 subjugated peoples 44 dhimma 44 Confucian scholars 44 King Jigme Singhye 44 fanatical Shining Path 44 Arab nationalism 44 Suddam Hussein 44 Alawi sect 44 monotheisms 44 Mandate Palestine 44 puritan Wahhabi 44 authoritarian rule 44 Crusader kingdoms 44 tsarist Russia 44 Achaemenids 44 feudalist 44 tsarist 44 presidentialism 44 Ba'th 44 staunchly secularist 44 Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh 44 Taif Accord 44 ruler Mohamed Siyad 44 Khilafat movement 44 Ayatollah Ruhollah 44 dynasties 44 corrupt dictators 44 Ayatullah Khomeini 44 brutally persecuted 44 King Farouk 44 Bosnia Croats 44 sectarian bloodshed unleashed 44 iron fisted dictator 44 puppet regimes 44 Yugoslav republic 44 Baloch sardars 44 Serbo Croat war 44 Mahdism 44 Ba'athist 44 Syrian troop pullout 44 Syriac Christians 44 Qutb Shahi 44 heretical offshoot 44 Islamicize 44 Nazism communism 44 al Itihaad al 44 Khulani neighborhood 44 ousted Fulgencio Batista 44 besiegers 44 pharaonic empire 44 Ba'ath party 44 Shia crescent 44 prayers al Azami 44 recentralization 44 Pushtun tribal 44 Ba'ath Party 44 Roman overlords 44 consociational 44 internecine bloodletting 44 Communist regimes 44 boy pharaoh Tutankhamun 44 Hudood laws 44 Roman emperor Diocletian 44 Ptolemies 44 Sassanid era 44 Kurdish separatism 44 bloodless revolutions 44 Soviet Communism 44 Hapsburg monarchy 44 late strongman Slobodan 44 subjugation 44 Mohammad Najibullah 44 Achaemenid empire 44 Saddam Ba'ath Party 44 Gen. Ziaur Rahman 44 Achaemenid dynasty 44 shoguns 44 Ilkhanid 44 ancient Assyrians 44 unreformable 44 Ahmadiyas 44 consitution 44 Gen Ayub Khan 44 Taef Accord 44 Dar ul Islam 44 Sumerian civilization 44 Manichaeism 44 sunni 44 neo patrimonial 44 totalitarianisms 44 Previous ceasefires 44 autonomous Kurdish enclave 44 Benito Mussolini fascist 44 eight reigning empresses 44 Moldavian SSR 43 Baathist regime 43 Kurds Sunni Arabs 43 secularity 43 widely distrusted 43 Ghazi Ajil al Yawer 43 Sultan Abdülhamid II 43 Salafi sect 43 minority Alawites branch 43 shiites 43 predecessor Habib Bourguiba 43 Qajar king 43 brutally repressing 43 Abbasid Caliph 43 suzerain 43 Yugoslav republics 43 secularist elite 43 Taif accords 43 revolutionaries overran 43 Da'wa Party 43 toe chador 43 settler colonialism 43 totalitarian communism 43 Salafist jihadists 43 intercommunal strife 43 Mamelukes 43 Islamizing 43 internecine wars 43 Gemayels 43 Sunni fundamentalists 43 Khazar empire 43 salafi 43 Ottomanism 43 al Azhar Mosque 43 Mongol conquest 43 totalitarian ideologies 43 absolutism 43 zamindari 43 Emperor Diocletian formed 43 intervened militarily 43 Maccabean 43 Azerbaijan SSR 43 brutally suppressing 43 lawmaker Liaqat Baluch 43 martyrdoms 43 colonial conquest 43 ethnic Slavs 43 barbarian invaders 43 Wahhabite 43 Imam Shamil 43 unequal treaties 43 minority Alawite sect 43 Muslim sultanate annexed 43 backed shah 43 fundamentalist mullahs 43 Stalinist bureaucracy 43 Christian Maronites 43 Lon Nol regime 43 Beneš Decrees 43 princedom 43 rigid orthodoxy 43 Ptolemaic dynasty 43 statist ideology 43 brutal tyrannies 43 Islamic theocracies 43 Pogroms 43 prime minister Zulfiqar Ali 43 Oppressive regimes 43 bloodless coup d' état 43 nondemocratic 43 mohtasib 43 Czechoslovak communist 43 Baloch nationalism 43 mullahcracy 43 Protestant Reformation 43 Byzantine emperors 43 Akayev ouster 43 Pan Arabist 43 totalitarian dictatorship 43 Hussain Mohammad Ershad 43 Kievan Rus 43 Constructive engagement 43 Shogunate 43 secular nationalist 43 repressiveness 43 father Hafez Assad 43 Safawis 43 Khomeini 43 ruthlessly suppressed 43 Alawite minority 43 Persian kings 43 pluralist democracy 43 Communist dictatorship 43 Zaydi sect 43 sufis 43 Islamic sultanate 43 Arabs Persians 43 Coffey Fuhr dynasty 43 Babylonian exile 43 Fascism Communism 43 Napoléon Bonaparte 43 Turgut Ozal 43 feudalists 43 oppressed Shi'ites 43 Hamas stan 43 Hellenistic 43 primordial loyalties 43 colonialization 43 Nasserites 43 secularist 43 Arab Revolt 43 excommunication decrees 43 alien Persians 43 Erzerum 43 Byzantine Greeks 43 Mughal Emperor Jahangir 43 fascism communism 43 anti Indianism 43 rulers 43 Zaydi Shia 43 pluralism secularism 43 white dishdasha 43 Moghuls 43 Safavid era 43 Serbs Republika Srpska 43 shari'a 43 Khilafat 43 Saddam Arabization 43 feudal dynasties 43 sectors Karkh 43 ministates 43 colonial rule 43 Sunnite Arabs 43 Hyksos 43 Islamic shari'a 43 tyrannical regime 43 regime 43 apostate regimes 43 Wilhelmine Germany 43 coups d' état 43 unwieldy coalitions 43 Bayramoğlu 43 kadhis courts 43 outward trappings 43 al faqih 43 Moslem Brotherhood 43 Yusuf KANLI 43 Sectarian clashes 43 ethnically divided Bosnia 43 genocidal massacres 43 Islamists 43 Arafats 43 Gamel Abdel Nasser 43 Heian Period #-# 43 totalitarian theocratic 43 Islamic shariah 43 various pretexts 43 Radical Islamism 43 Ayatollah Hakim 43 gradual demilitarization 43 Stalinist dictatorship 43 Militant leftists 43 Mughal invaders 43 Pashtun warlords 43 Nuremburg Laws 43 ethno nationalism 43 Shias Sunnis 43 Hashemite 43 Ahidjo 43 Intifada uprising 43 creeping Talibanisation 43 abaya robe 43 Bin Ladenism 43 Holy Inquisition 43 mass emigration 43 Gen Ne Win 43 Ahiska 43 laicism 43 Dagestanis 43 deposing Saddam 43 democratically elected Salvador Allende 43 shahs 43 Greek Orthodox seminary 43 Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship 43 Nawaz Shariff 43 Ptolemaic dynasty ruled 43 Soviet empire 43 Ethnic Malay 43 predecessor Abdurrahman Wahid 43 orthodox Marxism 43 warlords toppled 43 nizam 43 Mamluk 43 bloodiest massacres 43 ethnic Malay sultanate 43 Sunni Arabs Kurds 43 Westernization 43 Karaites 43 Darul Qazas 43 normative Judaism