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(Click for frequent words.) 69 elevational 61 latitudinal 61 spatial variability 59 biogeographic 59 ecotypes 59 interannual variability 58 climatic variations 58 temperate latitudes 58 montane 58 temporal variability 58 spatial scales 58 subalpine 57 tropical latitudes 57 crustal thickness 57 biogeographical 57 alpine tundra 57 indel 57 refugia 57 magmatism 57 C4 grasses 56 poleward shift 56 physiographic 56 Darwin finches 56 poleward 56 tectonic uplift 56 isotherm 56 bimodal distribution 56 evolvability 55 Fig. 1b 55 grabens 55 anticyclonic 55 climatic variability 55 Neogene 55 kyr 55 introgression 55 δ 55 vesper bats 55 taxa 55 Tibetan Plateau 55 epistasis 55 Kuiper belt objects 55 morphological similarities 54 balds 54 Fig. 2A 54 Cenozoic 54 geomorphological 54 QTLs 54 Himalaya Mountains 54 landforms 54 phenotypic variation 54 Gondwanan 54 angiosperm 54 coniferous forest 54 Adélie penguins 54 ecotype 54 Phanerozoic 54 terrestrial vertebrates 54 polar latitudes 54 paleomagnetic 54 coniferous forests 54 geomorphology 54 interannual 54 speleothems 53 Fig. 1a 53 microhabitats 53 southern latitudes 53 floristic 53 morphologically distinct 53 lowermost mantle 53 Ediacara 53 benthic foraminifera 53 migrational 53 sexual dimorphism 53 alpine ecosystems 53 phylogenies 53 wandering albatrosses 53 planetary magnetospheres 53 Late Paleozoic 53 diurnal temperature 53 cosmic ray flux 53 periodicities 53 mantle plumes 53 strontium isotope 53 Earths crust 53 forcings 53 glaciated 53 subgenus 53 meridional 53 metapopulation 53 SST anomalies 53 midlatitude 53 downwelling 53 magnetic susceptibility 53 maxima 53 flood basalts 53 A. thaliana 53 equatorial latitudes 53 faunal 53 ectotherms 53 phylogeographic 53 aridity 53 lobate 53 Fig. 1A 53 montane forests 53 midlatitudes 53 geomorphic 52 Gamburtsev 52 Alaskan glaciers 52 shrublands 52 talus slopes 52 isotherms 52 heterogeneities 52 faunas 52 Middle Pleistocene 52 temperate forests 52 Dhauladhar 52 evergreen forests 52 post perovskite 52 Gambel quail 52 tropopause 52 tropospheric 52 subpolar 52 snowline 52 deglaciation 52 Quaternary 52 zonation 52 isotopic compositions 52 Fig. 2B 52 Karakoram mountain 52 Transantarctic Mountains 52 zodiac constellations 52 axial tilt 52 arcuate 52 massifs 52 floras 52 temperature gradients 52 transect 52 aeolian 52 Shivaliks 52 decadal variability 52 cytochrome b 52 yellow bellied marmots 52 ocean basins 52 airglow 52 mantle convection 52 montane forest 52 Dry Valleys 52 geologies 52 subarctic 52 lactase persistence 52 abyssal 51 evolutionary lineages 51 plateaux 51 ecoregions 51 lianas 51 temperate regions 51 escarpments 51 biogeochemical 51 velocity dispersion 51 SRTM 51 micro climates 51 galactic equator 51 lognormal 51 phenological 51 geoid 51 ptarmigans 51 electron diffusion 51 interspecific 51 ontogenetic 51 hydrothermal venting 51 Southern Oscillation 51 angiosperms 51 spatial heterogeneity 51 intraspecific 51 bristlecone pines 51 tectonically active 51 diffusion coefficients 51 cosmic ray intensity 51 Last Glacial Maximum 51 neotropical 51 genetic heterogeneity 51 landmasses 51 chlorophyll concentrations 51 equatorial forests 51 Acropora 51 glacial interglacial 51 orthologous genes 51 orographic 51 transects 51 deep convective clouds 51 decadal 51 seamount 51 unclimbed peak 51 drumlins 51 sedimentary deposits 51 avifauna 51 rugged topography 51 Quaternary Period 51 baryon acoustic oscillations 51 yr -1 51 depositional environment 51 landform 51 Critically Endangered species 51 airborne magnetic anomaly 51 Late Ordovician 51 volcanic ridges 51 magnon 51 Fig. 2C 51 sigmoidal 51 m asl 51 topography 51 glacial moraines 51 magnetic substorms 51 anthropogenically 51 Fig. 3A 51 chromatogram 51 spatio temporal 50 thermal gradient 50 taxonomic classification 50 Paleogene 50 ecoregion 50 morphological evolution 50 Eastern Ghats 50 sealevel 50 geothermal gradient 50 paleoclimatic 50 subducting plate 50 mesic 50 bilaterally symmetrical 50 seismogenic 50 erosional 50 SSTs 50 endemic flora 50 planktonic 50 drumlin 50 Terre Adelie 50 Supplementary Fig 50 silicified zone 50 NDVI 50 Cordillera Blanca 50 glacier melt 50 Coulomb blockade 50 calderas 50 isotope composition 50 predator prey dynamics 50 Phylogenetic 50 oceanic circulation 50 Usambara 50 lowland rainforests 50 oxygen isotopic 50 θ 50 biogeography 50 limestone outcroppings 50 Antarctic Dry Valleys 50 sexually dimorphic 50 ungulate species 50 eusocial 50 alpine chipmunk 50 Deccan Plateau 50 granite greenstone 50 structural lineaments 50 morphologies 50 bristlecones 50 Hellas Basin 50 treelines 50 orbital eccentricity 50 diurnal cycle 50 lithospheric 50 herbivorous dinosaurs 50 diatom species 50 lowland forest 50 Tertiary Period 50 eusociality 50 Galapagos penguins 50 crinoid 50 Siple Dome 50 Patagonian Andes 50 Fig. 2D 50 himalayan 50 aerosol concentrations 50 radar altimetry 50 Gaussian distribution 50 evolutionary relatedness 50 azimuthal 50 carbon fluxes 50 longitudes 50 volcano Olympus Mons 50 multi decadal 50 fault scarp 50 NEAs 50 monophyletic 50 radiative transfer 50 photoperiod 50 metamorphism 50 boreal regions 50 compressional 50 intraplate 50 northerly latitudes 50 ellipsoidal 50 interglacial periods 50 gradients 50 anisotropy 50 glabrata 50 Envisat ASAR 50 subalpine forest 49 layered ultramafic 49 knolls 49 Weddell seals 49 Syrtis Major 49 topographies 49 Delta Cephei 49 westerly dipping 49 conifer forests 49 orientational 49 jovian 49 resonance frequency 49 electron density 49 polar mesospheric clouds 49 atmospheric circulations 49 heritable traits 49 genetic relatedness 49 Upper Palaeolithic 49 Prochlorococcus 49 orbital inclination 49 Milankovitch cycles 49 sandstone buttes 49 ms -1 49 whitebark pines 49 palaeoclimate 49 Polar Regions 49 Martian dunes 49 bristlecone pine 49 subseafloor 49 abyssal plain 49 glacial retreat 49 variabilities 49 nitrogen deposition 49 NNE SSW 49 lepidopteran 49 biome 49 Amundsen Sea 49 limestone karst 49 glacial cycles 49 evolutionary divergence 49 Icadyptes 49 temporal scales 49 crustal 49 tundra vegetation 49 spookfish 49 centroid 49 chinstrap penguins 49 biomes 49 morphology 49 basaltic rocks 49 advection 49 vorticity 49 antarctica 49 Cretaceous Paleogene boundary 49 endemism 49 peridotites 49 ellipsoids 49 megadrought 49 humid tropics 49 interferograms 49 phylogenetic trees 49 compass headings 49 ploidy 49 Reiner Gamma 49 arid semi arid 49 deciduous forest 49 limber pine 49 metazoan 49 cold hardiness 49 supertree 49 Permian Triassic 49 Fig. 4a 49 thermal gradients 49 neutrino mass 49 Fram Strait 49 meridional flow 49 thrust faulting 49 teleconnections 49 sub tropic 49 sedimentological 49 tropical subtropical 49 Appy Sluijs 49 brent geese 49 outlet glaciers 49 uraniferous boulders 49 Caenorhabditis 49 ejecta blanket 49 asthenosphere 49 obliquity 49 adsorbate 49 Toba eruption 49 resonance frequencies 49 glacial melt 49 wingbeats 49 ductile deformation 49 noctilucent clouds 49 granitoids 49 ostracodes 49 Chasma Boreale 49 distinct lineages 49 microclimates 49 glaciers recede 49 lithosphere 49 trinucleotide 49 fluorescence intensity 49 eskers 49 geodynamic 49 morphological 49 Fig. 2a 49 timberline 49 glaciers 49 magnetotactic bacteria 49 igneous rocks 49 surface temperatures SSTs 49 glaciated peaks 49 ° latitude 49 Mpc 48 polychaete 48 gravity anomalies 48 subtropical oceans 48 Velicogna 48 genetic lineages 48 scarps 48 fig. S1 48 #,#-#,# ft. 48 oceanic islands 48 lacustrine 48 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation AMO 48 tropical troposphere 48 EW trending 48 bar tailed godwit 48 subalpine meadows 48 allelic variation 48 elevation 48 biotopes 48 latitudes 48 crossbills 48 tropical flora 48 mammalian predators 48 Doppler shifts 48 terrestrial mammals 48 called lobate scarps 48 deciduous forests 48 Subarctic 48 fault scarps 48 cirques 48 magnetic polarity 48 McMurdo Dry Valleys 48 Himalayas 48 Gakkel Ridge 48 lunar crust 48 infrared spectral 48 sinistral 48 equatorial 48 glacial melting 48 HiRISE image 48 temperature gradient 48 ancient lava flows 48 Antarctic icecap 48 sedimentary layers 48 Castorocauda 48 stem elongation 48 cinder cones 48 #th meridian 48 godwit 48 photoperiodic 48 Phenotypic 48 oligotrophic 48 coastal upwelling 48 magnetospheric 48 carnivore species 48 KT boundary 48 Tian Shan 48 Ozone depletion 48 segmental duplications 48 lobate scarps 48 oceanic lithosphere 48 phenotypic differences 48 Anopheles 48 phylogenetic 48 autocorrelation 48 Qinghai Tibetan Plateau 48 Leif Kullman 48 Jurassic Cretaceous 48 isostatic rebound 48 avian species 48 substorm 48 limestone outcrops 48 Fig. 3B 48 altimetry 48 unbranched 48 spatially explicit 48 allele frequencies 48 genetic variability 48 anticlines 48 glaciological 48 plant hardiness zones 48 cirrus cloud 48 dextral 48 Khumbu Glacier 48 gravitational redshift 48 filamentary structure 48 Moho 48 extinct volcanoes 48 inhomogeneities 48 organismal 48 wolverine populations 48 Jakobshavn Isbrae 48 biodiversity hotspot 48 geophysically 48 dimorphic 48 spruce fir forest 48 Induced Polarization IP chargeability 48 fig. S2 48 mV V 48 nT 48 Palaeo 48 transcriptomes 48 habilis 48 Fig. 4B 48 logarithmically 48 Pikas 48 Gamma ray burst 48 rotational axis 48 terranes 48 φ 48 hydrated electron 48 bryophytes 48 hydrothermal activity 48 hybridizations 48 bathymetry 48 genotypic 48 amphipods 48 Raman spectra 48 Socompa 48 microscopic phytoplankton 48 isopods 48 Arabia Terra 48 Rossby waves 48 elevations 48 exon intron 48 species 48 trait locus 48 Neoproterozoic 48 isotope ratios 48 gametophyte 48 conic 48 mid latitudes 48 fig. S4 48 abiotic stresses 48 phylogenetic relationships 48 extragalactic 48 extensional 48 chimpanzees Pan troglodytes 48 chemosynthetic 48 genome rearrangements 48 clades 48 phenotypic characteristics 48 Sticklebacks 48 spectroscopic measurements 48 NASA QuikScat satellite 48 volcanic plumes 48 polarisations 48 upper tropospheric 48 diffusive 48 insect outbreaks 48 Agulhas Current 48 geological strata 48 Sr Ca 48 phylogeny 48 tidewater glacier 48 australis 48 loess 47 rifting 47 terrane 47 Mercury exosphere 47 rosy finches 47 tectonic stresses 47 Late Devonian 47 Jurassic sandstone 47 abyssal plains 47 systematics 47 bandgaps 47 asymptotic 47 tidewater glaciers 47 alluvial plains 47 silicic 47 Tharsis Rise 47 lunar equator 47 placental mammal 47 Phenology 47 common scoter 47 golden plover 47 Planitia 47 GJ#b 47 passerine birds 47 evolutionary adaptations 47 warbling vireo 47 seamounts 47 irradiance 47 nucleotide substitution 47 tropic regions 47 wildflower blooms 47 passerines 47 metallicity 47 isobars 47 magma chambers 47 lobe finned fishes 47 #:# [001] 47 foreland 47 hydrosphere 47 stratovolcano 47 moraines 47 sedimentary sequences 47 hoary marmots 47 τ 47 punctate 47 Olympus Mons 47 oak Quercus 47 parasitaemia 47 volcanic peaks 47 tectonics 47 craton 47 prominences 47 Morphological 47 stochasticity 47 gaussian 47 morphological traits 47 spadefoot 47 icefalls 47 anticyclones 47 parasitoid wasp 47 geometrically shaped 47 paralogs 47 marsupial mammals 47 ignimbrite 47 polarimetric 47 siliciclastic 47 Sequoia sempervirens 47 grassy plains 47 #ppb Au [002] 47 orthologous 47 ellipsoid 47 microbial ecosystems 47 Fig. 1C 47 porphyritic andesite 47 massif 47 spatially resolved 47 liverworts 47 barnacle goose 47 Fig. 4A 47 ptarmigan 47 indels 47 barometric pressures 47 sediments deposited 47 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 47 Magellanic 47 evolutionary trajectories 47 GCMs 47 fine grained sediment 47 spruce fir forests 47 inflorescences 47 cryosphere 47 multidecadal 47 thermally induced 47 Kuiper Belt Objects 47 Tianshan Mountain 47 megadroughts 47 unicellular organisms 47 crustal movements 47 Edith checkerspot butterfly 47 alpine glaciers 47 Indo Gangetic plains 47 #S rRNA gene 47 temperature reconstructions 47 claystone 47 dimensionless 47 teleost fish 47 noctilucent cloud 47 Ice Ages 47 flightless cormorants 47 Triassic Jurassic 47 Paleoclimate 47 expiratory flow 47 basaltic 47 polygonal shapes 47 reproductively isolated 47 dipolar 47 cyclicity 47 artiodactyls 47 Seamounts 47 Nernst 47 Messinian 47 phytoplankton biomass 47 Indo Gangetic 47 quartz alunite 47 harvester ant 47 Unit Telescopes 47 geohazard 47 bristlecone pine trees 47 genomic variation 47 salinities 47 interstellar boundary 47 tropical glaciers 47 Tanggula Mountain 47 dipole moment 47 bryozoans 47 climatic 47 temperate zones 47 #S rRNA 47 dI dV 47 foehn 47 ENSO cycle 47 wintering bald eagles 47 stoichiometry 47 solar minima 47 subglacial 47 mountain ranges 47 cirrus 47 accretionary 47 lenticular clouds 47 equator 47 oviposition 47 circum 47 chordates 47 previously unstudied 47 morphologic 47 freshwater snails 47 cis regulatory 47 Madden Julian Oscillation 47 Neotropical 47 tectonic plate boundary 47 mountain meadows 47 oceanic currents 47 ecological speciation 47 reef corals 47 Coral bleaching 47 hermaphroditism 47 haplogroups 47 interglacials 47 molluscan 47 differential gene expression 47 solar insolation 47 auroral oval 47 z = 47 beta gamma 47 deserts jungles 47 epithermal quartz veins 47 Pong wetlands 47 sedge grass 47 martian meteorites 47 Doppler shift 47 Fig. 1c 47 Earth radii 47 Alpine meadows 47 microsatellite markers 47 Rwenzori Mountains 47 diurnal variation 47 NNE trending 47 creatures inhabiting 47 cusps 47 altocumulus 47 El Niño Southern Oscillation 47 hemoglobins 47 inbreeding depression 47 disappearing glaciers 47 mixed conifer forests 47 collisional 47 luminosities 47 dependences 47 bedrock outcrops 47 receding glaciers 47 muskoxen 47 coronal loop 47 bearded vulture 47 spatial temporal 47 Antarctic stratosphere 47 glacially carved 47 mossy forests 47 elevated atmospheric CO2 47 Chacoan 47 spectrometric 47 horned lizards 47 basalt cliffs 47 ramidus 47 vegetations 46 hydrothermal vent 46 predator prey interactions 46 Geologically speaking 46 galactic magnetic 46 hydrothermal fluid 46 perturbation 46 temporal 46 Godwits 46 quantitative trait loci 46 Nisqually Glacier 46 giant peccary 46 isotopic signature 46 termite mounds 46 interglacial period 46 Yellowstone geysers 46 Ulysses spacecraft 46 coexpression 46 giant squid Architeuthis 46 Ruwenzori Mountains 46 El Nino Southern Oscillation 46 olivines 46 fluid viscosity 46 taxonomic 46 tectonically 46 Lamarckian 46 Vertical wind shear 46 Cartesian coordinates 46 Phytophthora species 46 lapilli 46 hysteresis loop 46 tides currents 46 morphologically 46 quantum criticality 46 molecular phylogeny 46 Fig. 3b 46 satellite altimetry 46 sunspot cycles 46 Lysimachia 46 Gangotri glacier 46 trigonometric functions 46 atmospheric moisture 46 andesitic rocks 46 stony coral 46 Noctilucent clouds 46 Serengeti plains 46 Cepheid variables 46 glaciation 46 aquatic fauna 46 mesospheric 46 inhomogeneous 46 concavity 46 Annamite 46 oxygen isotope ratios 46 esker 46 Precambrian rocks 46 planetary transits 46 Cretaceous periods 46 subtropical forests 46 atmospheric CO2 concentration 46 Rwenzori mountains 46 tarns 46 Palaeozoic 46 acidifying oceans 46 anticlinal structures 46 treeline 46 seabed sediments 46 Galapagos penguin 46 asymptote 46 lutea 46 phylogenetically 46 pied flycatchers 46 larches 46 red colobus 46 glacial landforms 46 fungal genomes 46 KBOs 46 paleoenvironmental 46 cratons 46 tectonic plate movements 46 speckle pattern 46 Siberian Traps 46 Heliconius 46 carnivorous mammals 46 Puijila 46 benthos 46 Paleozoic sedimentary 46 felsic tuff 46 geodetic measurements 46 -# deg [002] 46 1m 3ft 46 abundances 46 outcrop exposures 46 lowland 46 tidally 46 boreal ecosystems 46 Usambara Mountains 46 mitochondrial genomes 46 crossbill 46 barnacle geese 46 sengi 46 iceberg calving 46 diabase dike 46 brachiopods 46 climatic extremes 46 geochronology 46 solar irradiance 46 HARPS instrument 46 coastal lowlands 46 Apennines 46 dromaeosaurs 46 coincident magnetic 46 Amazonian rainforest 46 heterozygotes 46 silicified outcrops 46 mountain glaciers 46 conifer forest 46 biosignatures 46 Medieval Warm 46 synthetic aperture 46 evolutionary lineage 46 nonlinearity 46 unclimbed mountain 46 treeless plains 46 pea aphid 46 evapo transpiration 46 Figs. 46 hummocky 46 Athabasca Valles 46 biotic 46 crestal 46 hunter gatherer populations 46 insolation 46 ophiolite 46 crustal rocks 46 mammal extinctions 46 continental crust 46 hominid evolution 46 dense rainforests 46 SNe Ia 46 mutational 46 comparative genomic analysis 46 nonmigratory 46 stomatal 46 interferogram 46 kipunji 46 corneal thickness 46 beech forests 46 GFP fluorescence 46 flatfishes 46 Soay sheep 46 willow flycatcher 46 oxygen isotopic composition 46 flycatchers 46 fig. S3 46 trembling aspen 46 terrestrial ecosystems 46 polar 46 moon Mimas 46 cumulus cloud 46 dynamical processes 46 rhizosphere 46 alteration assemblages 46 mossy forest 46 Cretaceous Paleogene 46 monkeyflower 46 penitentes 46 cDNAs 46 habitat fragmentation 46 heathlands 46 honeycreeper 46 Supplementary Figs 46 sagebrush steppe 46 orogenic 46 pyroclastic 46 ABCB1 gene 46 grassland ecosystems 46 Fig. 1B 46 disjunct 46 spring ephemerals 46 synoptic 46 blackbody 46 mountainous topography 46 alpine meadows 46 migratory songbird 46 ponderosa pine forests 46 climatological 46 vegetation greenness 46 auroral 46 western ghats 46 geologic interpretations 46 geographical 46 Tharsis 46 Homo sapiens evolved 46 gravitational perturbations 46 green pigment chlorophyll 46 marine sediments 46 epiphytic 46 heritable trait 46 longspurs 46 cm -3 46 temperate grasslands 46 alpine pastures 46 eclipsing binary 46 isotopic composition 46 pairwise 46 amphibolite facies 46 austral summer 46 atmospheric CO 46 sympatric speciation